Common Compounds Spectra Database

A. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A22. Styrene

PhotochemCAD ID	A22
Compound Category	Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Name	Styrene
CAS	100-42-5
Synonym	Phenylethylene; Vinylbenzene
Source	Sigma-Aldrich, 240869
Absorption Wavelength	248
Absorption Epsilon	14700
Absorption Coefficient	14700 at 248 nm
Structure .CDX	Download File

Absorption Spectrum

Solvent	cyclohexane
Instrument	Agilent 8453
Date	January, 2017
By	Masahiko Taniguchi
Spectrum Data	Download File

Fluorescence Spectrum

Solvent	cyclohexane
Instrument	PTI QM-4/2003 SE
Date	January, 2017
By	Masahiko Taniguchi
Quantum Yield	0.22
Spectrum Data	Download File

Taniguchi, M.; Lindsey, J. S. “Database of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of >300 Common Compounds for use in PhotochemCAD,” Photochem. Photobiol. 2018, 94, 290–327.

The following references are cited therein.

Carr, E. P. and M. L. Sherrill (1929) Bibliography of absorption spectra of solutions. Intl. Critical Tables 5, 326–358.
Henri, V. (1929) Quantitative determination of ultra-violet absorption spectra in solutions of organic substances. Intl. Critical Tables 5, 359–379.
Holmes, W. C. (1930) The absorption spectra of dyes. Intl. Critical Tables 7, 173–211.
Brode, W. R. (1943) Chemical Spectroscopy. 2nd Ed., pp. 239–245. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Friedel, R. A. and M. Orchin (1951) Ultraviolet Spectra of Aromatic Compounds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Gillam, A. E. and E. S. Stern (1954) An Introduction to Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Commission on Spectrochemical and Other Optical Procedures for Analysis. (1963) Tables of Spectrophotometric Absorption Data of Compounds Used for the Colorimetric Determination of Elements. Butterworths, London.
Hirayama, K. (1967) Handbook of Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectra of Organic Compounds. Plenum Press Data Division, New York.
DMS, UV Atlas of Organic Compounds. (Edited by H. H. Perkampus, I. Sandeman and C. J. Timmons), Vol. 5. Springer Science+Business Media, LCC, New York, NY, 1971.
Colour Index, Third Edition, Vol. 4. (1971) The Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, England.
Berlman, I. B. (1971) Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules. 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York.
Láng, L. (1972) Absorption Spectra in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region, Vol. 17 and prior volumes. Academic Press, New York.
CRC Atlas of Spectral Data and Physical Constants for Organic Compounds. (1973) (Edited by J. G. Grasselli), CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Atlas of Protein Spectra in the Ultraviolet and Visible Regions. (1974) (Edited by D. M. Kirschenbaum), Vol. 2. IFI/Plenum Press, New York.
Handbook of Spectroscopy, Vol. 2 (1974) (Edited by J. W. Robinson), pp 133–214. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Lillie, R. D., E. H. Stotz and V. M. Emmel (1977) H. J. Conn's Biological Stains. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Maryland.
American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 (1984) Selected Ultraviolet Spectral Data: Thermodynamic Research Center Hydrocarbon Project. College Station, Texas, Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A & M University.
Schmillen, A. and R. Legler (1967) Luminescence of Organic Substances (Edited by K.-H. Hellwege and A. M. Hellwege), Springer-Verlag, New York.
Becker, R. S. (1969) Theory and Interpretation of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Birks, J. B. (1970) Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, pp 84–141. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Murov, S. L. (1973) Handbook of Photochemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Chen, R. F. and C. H. Scott (1985) Atlas of fluorescence spectra and lifetimes of dyes attached to protein. Anal. Lett. 18, 393–421.
Wolfbeis, O. S. (1985) The fluorescence of organic natural products. In Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications–Part 1. (Edited by S. G. Schulman), pp 167–370. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Drexhage, K. H. (1973) Structures and properties of laser dyes. In Dye Lasers. (Edited by F. P. Schäfer), pp. 144–193. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Chan, M. S. and J. R. Bolton (1980) Structures, reduction potentials and absorption maxima of synthetic dyes of interest in photochemical solar-energy storage studies. Solar Energy 24, 561–574.
Birge, R. R. (1987) Kodak Laser Dyes. Laboratory and Research Products Division, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, New York.
Zollinger, H. (1987) Color Chemistry: Syntheses, Properties, and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments. VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany.
Krasovitskii, B. M. and B. M. Bolotin (1988) Organic Luminescent Materials. (Translated by V. G. Vopian), VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany.
Du, H., R.-C. A. Fuh, J. Li, L. A. Corkan and J. S. Lindsey (1998) PhotochemCAD: A computer-aided design and research tool in photochemistry. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 141–142.
Dixon, J. M., M. Taniguchi and J. S. Lindsey (2005) PhotochemCAD 2: A refined program with accompanying spectral databases for photochemical calculations. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 212–213.
Soares, A. R. M.; M. Taniguchi, V. Chandrashaker and J. S. Lindsey (2012) Self-organization of tetrapyrrole constituents to give a photoactive protocell. Chem. Sci. 3, 1963–1974.
Soares, A. R. M.; D. R. Anderson, V. Chandrashaker and J. S. Lindsey (2013) Catalytic diversification upon metal scavenging in a prebiotic model for formation of tetrapyrrole macrocycles. New J. Chem. 37, 2716–2732.
Taniguchi, M., H.-J. Kim, D. Ra, J. K. Schwartz, C. Kirmaier, E. Hindin, J. R. Diers, S. Prathapan, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten and J. S. Lindsey (2002) Synthesis and electronic properties of regioisomerically pure oxochlorins. J. Org. Chem. 67, 7329–7342.
Braslavsky, S. E. (2007) Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition (IUPAC recommendations 2006). Pure Appl. Chem. 79, 293–465.
Hu, C., F. E. Muller-Karger and R. G. Zepp (2002) Absorbance, absorption coefficient, and apparent quantum yield: A comment on common ambiguity in the use of these optical concepts. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 1261–1267.
Argauer, R. J. and C. E. White (1964) Fluorescent compounds for calibration of excitation and emission units of spectrofluorometer. Anal. Chem. 36, 368–371.
Birks, J. B. (1977) Fluorescence quantum yield measurements. In Standardization in Spectrophotometry and Luminescence Measurements. (Edited by K. D. Mielenz, R. A. Velapoldi and R. Mavrodineanu), U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
Chen, R. F. (1972) Measurements of absolute values in biochemical fluorescence spectroscopy. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 76, 593–606.
Demas, J. N. and G. A. Crosby (1971) The measurement of photoluminescence quantum yields. A review. J. Phys. Chem. 75, 991–1024.
Melhuish, W. H. (1961) Quantum efficiencies of fluorescence of organic substances: Effect of solvent and concentration of the fluorescent solute. J. Phys. Chem. 65, 229–235.
Ultraviolet Spectrometry Group (1981) Standards in Fluorescence Spectrometry. (Edited by Miller, J. N.), Chapman and Hall, New York.
Parker, C. A. and W. T. Rees (1960) Correction of fluorescence spectra and measurement of fluorescence quantum efficiency. Analyst 85, 587–600.
Zalewski, E. F., J. Geist and R. A. Velapoldi (1982) Correcting emission and excitation spectra: A review of past procedures and new possibilities using silicon photodiodes. In New Directions in Molecular Luminescence, ASTM Special Technical Publication 822. (Edited by D. Eastwood), pp. 103–111. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Mandal, A. K., M. Taniguchi, J. R. Diers, D. M. Niedzwiedzki, C. Kirmaier, J. S. Lindsey, D. F. Bocian and D. Holten (2016) Photophysical properties and electronic structure of porphyrins bearing zero to four meso-phenyl substituents: New insights into seemingly well understood tetrapyrroles. J. Phys. Chem. A 120, 9719–9731.
Brouwer, A. M. (2011) Standards for photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 2213–2228.
Booth, C. R., J. C. Ehramjian, T. Mestechkina, L. W. Cabasug, J. S. Robertson and J. R. Tusson, IV (1998) NSF polar programs UV spectroradiometer network 1995-1997 operations report. Available at: http://www.biospherical.com/nsf/default.asp. Accessed on 11/23/2004. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/antuv/Publications.jsp
Kostkowski, H. J. (1997) Reliable Spectroradiometry. Spectroradiometry Consulting, La Plata, Maryland.
Umezawa, K., D. Citterio and K. Suzuki (2014) New trends in near-infrared fluorophores for bioimaging. Anal. Sci. 30, 327–349.
Taniguchi, M., H. Du and J. S. Lindsey (2017) PhotochemCAD 3: Diverse modules for photophysical calculations with access to multiple spectral databases. Photochem. Photobiol., submitting as preceding companion paper.
Dawson, W. R. and M. W. Windsor (1968) Fluorescence yields of aromatic compounds. J. Phys. Chem. 72, 3251–3260.
Quina, F. H. and F. A. Carroll (1976) Radiative and nonradiative transitions in solution. First excited singlet state of benzene and its methyl derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 6–9.
Reiser, A., L. J. Leyshon, D. Saunders, M. V. Mijovic, A. Bright and J. Bogie (1972) Fluorescence of aromatic benzoxazole derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 2414–2421.
Reiser, A. and L. J. Leyshon (1972) Radiative and nonradiative transitions from the first excited singlet state in methyl substituted benzenes. J. Chem. Phys. 56, 1011–1012.
Santiago, C., R. W. Gandour, K. N. Houk, W. Nutakul, W. E. Cravey and R. P. Thummel (1978) Photoelectron and ultraviolet spectra of small-ring fused aromatic molecules as probes of aromatic ring distortions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 3730–3737.
Froehlich, P. M. and H. A. Morrison (1972) A study of alkylbenzene luminescence. J. Phys. Chem. 76, 3566–3570.
Nakayama, Y., Y. Ichikawa and T. Matsuo (1965) A study of the charge-transfer complexes. I. The interaction of pyromellitic dianhydride with polymethylbenzenes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 38, 1674–1683.
Shizuka, H., Y. Ueki, T. Iizuka and N. Kanamaru (1982) Radiative and radiationless transitions in the excited state of methyl- and methylene-substituted benzenes in condensed media. J. Phys. Chem. 86, 3327–3333.
Thummel, R. P. (1976) Benzo[1,2:3,4]dicyclobutene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 628–629.
Thummel, R. P. and W. Nutakul (1977) Preparation and properties of small ring bis-annelated benzenes. J. Org. Chem. 42, 300–305.
Wightman, R. H., R. J. Wain and D. H. Lake (1971) Tricyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. Can. J. Chem. 49, 1360–1366.
Raciszewski, Z. (1966) Maleic anhydride–hexamethylbenzene mixtures in methylcyclohexane solution and in the solid state. Part I. Physical properties. J. Chem. Soc. B, 1142–1147.
Grabner, G., G. Köhler, G. Marconi, S. Monti and E. Venuti (1990) Photophysical properties of methylated phenols in nonpolar solvents. J. Phys. Chem. 94, 3609–3613.
Stalin, T., R. A. Devi and N. Rajendiran (2005) Spectral characteristics of ortho, meta and para dihydroxy benzenes in different solvents, pH and β-cyclodextrin. Spectrochim. Acta A 61, 2495–2504.
van Walree, C. A., M. R. Roest, W. Schuddeboom, L. W. Jenneskens, J. W. Verhoeven, J. M. Warman, H. Kooijman and A. L. Spek (1996) Comparison between SiMe2 and CMe2 spacers as σ-bridges for photoinduced charge transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 8395–8407.
Ungnade, H. E. (1953) The effect of solvents on the absorption spectra of aromatic compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 432–434.
Yamakawa, M., T. Kubota, H. Akazawa and I. Tanaka (1968) Electronic spectra and electronic structures of benzonitrile N-oxide and its derivatives. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 41, 1046–1055.
Mariella, R. P. and R. R. Raube (1952) Ultraviolet absorption spectra of alicyclic compounds. III. Phenyl cycloalkyl and styryl cycloalkyl ketones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 521–524.
König, B., S. Ramm, P. Bubenitschek, P. G. Jones, H. Hopf, B. Knieriem and A. de Meijere (1994) [2.2](4,7)isobenzofuranophanes – synthesis, characterisation, and reactivity. Chem. Ber. 127, 2263–2266.
Rusakowicz, R., G. W. Byers and P. A. Leermakers (1971) Electronically excited aromatic carbonyl compounds in hydrogen bonding and acidic media. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 3263–3266.
Laurent, P., B. Lebrun, J.-C. Braekman, D. Daloze and J. M. Pasteels (2001) Biosynthetic studies on adaline and adalinine, two alkaloids from ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Tetrahedron 57, 3403–3412.
Martin, R. and G. A. Clarke (1978) Fluorescence of benzoic acid in aqueous acidic media. J. Phys. Chem. 82, 81–86.
Hauke, F., A. Hirsch, S. Atalick and D. Guldi (2005) Quantitative transduction of excited-state energy in fluorophore-heterofullerene conjugates. Eur. J. Org. Chem. , 1741–1751.
Barton, D. H. R., R. A. H. F. Hui and S. V. Ley (1982) Oxidation of benzylic hydrocarbons with benzeneseleninic anhydride and related reactions. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2179–2185.
Momoda, J., S. Izumi and Y. Yokoyama (2015) Substituent effects on the photochromic properties of 3,3-diphenyspiro[benzofluorenopyran-cyclopentaphenanthrene]s. Dyes Pigments 119, 95–107.
Goswami, P. C., D. J. Swanton and B. R. Henry (1987) Evidence for vibronic coupling contributions to overtone intensities in alkyl phenyl ketones. J. Chem. Phys. 86, 5281–5287.
Perichet, G., R. Chapelon and B. Pouyet (1980) Emission and intersystem crossing quantum yields of aniline solutions: Photostationary state diagram. J. Photochem. 13, 67–74.
Rajendiran, N. and M. Swaminathan (1996) Luminescence characteristics of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane in different solvents and at various pH. Spectrochim. Acta A 52, 1785–1792.
Ogata, Y., K. Tomizawa and H. Maeda (1980) Kinetics of the tungstate-catalyzed H2O2 oxidation of amines in aqueous methanol. Acidity effect. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 53, 285–286.
Toyama, T., S. Komori, J. Yoshino, N. Hayashi and H. Higuchi (2013) Synthesis and properties of 1,1′-bis[p-(N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-butadiynyl]ferrocene: A methodology for proton-mediated reversible conformation control of two function sites. Tetrahedron Lett. 54, 66–71.
Barata-Vallejo, S., M. M. Flesia, B. Lantaño, J. E. Argüello, A. B. Peñéñory and A. Postigo (2013) Heterogeneous photoinduced homolytic aromatic substitution of electron-rich arenes with perfluoroalkyl groups in water and aqueous media – a radical-ion reaction. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 998–1008.
Reznik, V. S., V. D. Akamsin, I. V. Galyametdinova, A. V. Chernova and R. R. Shagidullin (2000) Two-fragment α-adrenolytics: 2. Synthesis of alkyl(phenyl)[ω-(N-phenylpiperazino)alkyl]phosphine oxides. Russ. Chem. Bull. 49, 490–494.
Mukherjee, S. (1987) Ultraviolet studies and fluorescence quenching of some aromatic primary amines. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 60, 1119–1123.
Lewis, F. D., J. M. Wagner-Brennan and A. M. Miller (1999) Formation and behavior of intramolecular N-(styrylalkyl)aniline exciplexes. Can. J. Chem. 77, 595–604.
Nie, M. Y., Y. Wang and H. L. Li (1997) Electrochemical and spectral properties of phenylhydrazine in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. Polish J. Chem. 71, 816–822.
Bayliss, N. S. and L. Hulme (1953) Solvent effects in the spectra of benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene at 2600 and 2000 Å. Aust. J. Chem. 6, 257–277.
Harriman, A. and B. W. Rockett (1974) Comparative study of spin–orbital coupling for halogenated ethylbenzenes by a study of their fluorescence. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 217–219.
Khvostenko, O. G., E. E. Tzeplin and U. M. Dzhemilev (2003) A first example of application of photoelectron spectroscopy to interpretation of the UV absorption spectra of benzenes. Dokl. Chem. 389, 101–105.
Wong, D. (2017) Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Fluorescence_and_Phosphorescence. Accessed on 09/16/2017.
Abe, T. (1958) Ultraviolet absorption spectra of nitro-, dinitro- and trinitro-substituted benzenes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 31, 904–907.
Go, C. L. and W. H. Waddell (1983) Evolution of photooxidation products upon irradiation of phenyl azide in the presence of molecular oxygen. J. Org. Chem. 48, 2897–2900.
van der Weerdt, A. J. A. and H. Cerfontain (1981) Photochemistry of β,γ-unsaturated ketones––V. The direct irradiation of some γ-phenyl β,γ-enones. Tetrahedron 37, 2121–2130.
Lyons, A. L., Jr. and N. J. Turro (1978) Photophysics of phenylcyclopropanes, styrenes, and benzocycloalkadienes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 3177–3181.
van der Veen, R. H. and H. Cerfontain (1985) Photochemistry of β,γ-enones—VIII. On the remarkable photostability of some β,γ,β',γ'-dienones and the 1,3-acyl shift photoreactivity of two β,γ,γ',δ'-dienones. Tetrahedron 41, 585–594.
Lewis, F. D. and X. Zuo (2003) Activated decay pathways for planar vs twisted singlet phenylalkenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 8806–8813.
Condirston, D. A. and J. D. Laposa (1979) Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes of styrene at 298 and 77 K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 63, 313–317.
Samori, S., S. Tojo, M. Fujitsuka, S.-W. Yang, A. Elangovan, T.-I. Ho and T. Majima (2005) Efficient emission from charge recombination during the pulse radiolysis of electrochemical luminescent donor–acceptor molecules with an ethynyl linkage. J. Org. Chem. 70, 6661–6668.
D'Auria, M. (1995) Regioselective photochemical Diels-Alder reaction on thiophene derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 6567–6570.
Harada, N., Y. Tamai and H. Uda (1980) Circular dichroic power of chiral triptycenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 506–511.
Rogers, J. E., B. C. Hall, D. C. Hufnagle, J. E. Slagle, A. P. Ault, D. G. McLean, P. A. Fleitz and T. M. Cooper (2005) Effect of platinum on the photophysical properties of a series of phenyl-ethynyl oligomers. J. Chem. Phys. 122, 214708.
Pelter, A. and D. E. Jones (2000) The preparation and some properties of substituted phenylene-ethynylene and phenylenebuta-1,3-diynylene polymers. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2289–2294.
Shakirova, J. R., E. V. Grachova, A. A. Melekhova, D. V. Krupenya, V. V. Gurzhiy, A. J. Karttunen, I. O. Koshevoy, A. S. Melnikov and S. P. Tunik (2012) Luminescent AuI–CuI triphosphane clusters that contain extended linear arylacetylenes. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 4048–4056.
Figueira, J., W. Czardybon, J. C. Mesquita, J. Rodrigues, F. Lahoz, L. Russo, A. Valkonen and K. Rissanen (2015) Synthesis, characterization and solid-state photoluminescence studies of six alkoxy phenylene ethynylene dinuclear palladium(II) rods. Dalton Trans. 44, 4003–4015.
Medvedeva, A. S., O. I. Margorskaya, I. D. Kalikhman, N. I. Golovanova, N. I. Shergina and N. S. Vyazankin (1988) Substituent effects on the 13C and 17O NMR, IR, and UV spectral parameters for propynals. Russ. Chem. Bull. 37, 246–249.
Ramsey, B. G. (1970) Electronic transitions in phenylboronic acids. I. Substituent and solvent effects. J. Phys. Chem. 74, 2464–2469.
Patil, S. S., G. V. Muddapur, N. R. Patil, R. M. Melavanki and R. A. Kusanur (2015) Fluorescence characteristics of aryl boronic acid derivate (PBA). Spectrochim. Acta A 138, 85–91.
Rajendiran, N. and T. Balasubramanian (2008) Intramolecular charge transfer effects on 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. Spectrochim. Acta A 69, 822–829.
Sivasankar, T., A. A. M. Prabhu, M. Karthick and N. Rajendiran (2012) Encapsulation of vanillylamine by native and modified cyclodextrins: Spectral and computational studies. J. Mol. Struct. 1028, 57–67.
Sakagami, Y., A. Sano, O. Hara, T. Mikawa and S. Marumo (1995) Cladosporol, β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis inhibitor, isolated from fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides. Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 1469–1472.
Otani, T., T. Tsubogo, N. Furukawa, T. Saito, K. Uchida, K. Iwama, Y. Kanai and H. Yajima (2008) Synthesis of new UV-B light absorbents: (Acetylphenyl)glycosides with antioxidant activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18, 3582–3584.
Christensen, E. and A. C. Giese (1950) Photosensitivity of sunscreens. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 39, 223–226.
Visser, R. J., P. C. M. Weisenborn and C. A. G. O. Varma (1985) Solute–solvent exciplexes as the source of anomalous fluorescence from 4-N,N-dimethylamino-ethylbenzoate in 1,4-dioxane and in polar solvents. Chem. Phys. Lett. 113, 330–336.
Campbell, T. W. and G. M. Coppinger (1951) The spectrophotometric examination of some derivatives of pyrogallol and phloroglucinol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 2708–2712.
Chen, J.-S., G.-J. Zhao, T. R. Cook, K.-L. Han and P. J. Stang (2013) Photophysical properties of self-assembled multinuclear platinum metallacycles with different conformational geometries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 6694–6702.
Gong, Y., L. Zhao, Q. Peng, D. Fan, W. Z. Yuan, Y. Zhang and B. Z. Tang (2015) Crystallization-induced dual emission from metal- and heavy atom-free aromatic acids and esters. Chem. Sci. 6, 4438–4444.
Romantseva, G. I. (1965) Spectrophotometric determination of traces of arylcarboxylic acids in terephthalic acid. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 2, 179–180.
Manoharan, R. and S. K. Dogra (1987) Spectral characteristics of phenylenediamines and their various protonated species. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 60, 4409–4415.
Sandler, S. R. and K. C. Tsou (1964) Quenching of scintillation process in plastics by organometallics. J. Phys. Chem. 68, 300–304.
Berne, D. H. and O. Popovych (1972) Solubilities and medium effects of tetraphenylgermane, tetraphenylmethane, and tetraphenylsilane in acetonitrile, methanol, and some ethanol–water solvents. Anal. Chem. 44, 817–820.
Mert-Balci, F., H.-G. Imrich, J. Conrad and U. Beifuss (2013) Influence of guanidinium salts and other ionic liquids on the three-component aza-Diels–Alder reaction. Helv. Chim. Acta 96, 1681–1692.
Siskos, M. G., A. K. Zarkadis, S. Steenken and N. Karakostas (1999) Photodissociation of N-arylmethylanilines: A laser flash photolysis, fluorescence, and product analysis study. J. Org. Chem. 64, 1925–1931.
Stoyanov, S. I., A. A. Dobrev and L. M. Antonov (1994) Structure investigations of N-acylated imines by means of UV-VIS spectroscopy. Monatsh. Chem. 125, 259–266.
Lee, S.-C., N.-Y. Kang, S.-J. Park, S.-W. Yun, Y. Chandran and Y.-T. Chang (2012) Development of a fluorescent chalcone library and its application in the discovery of a mouse embryonic stem cell probe. Chem. Commun. 48, 6681–6683.
Krauss, S. R. and S. G. Smith (1981) Kinetics and mechanism of the conjugate addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to α,β-unsaturated ketones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 141–148.
Ito, Y., N. Kawatsuki and T. Matsuura (1984) Contrasting photochemical behavior between meta-substituted and para-substituted aromatic polycarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett. 25, 4525–4528.
Lougnot, D. J., P. Jacques, J. P. Fouassier, H. L. Casal, N. Kim-Thuan and J. C. Scaiano (1985) New functionalized water-soluble benzophenones: A laser flash photolysis study. Can. J. Chem. 63, 3001–3006.
Kuś, P. and P. G. Jones (2000) Synthesis of new tetraoxacyclophanes containing benzophenone units. Polish J. Chem. 74, 965–977.
Benmansour, B., L. Stephan, J.-Y. Cabon, L. Deschamps and P. Giamarchi (2011) Spectroscopic properties and laser induced fluorescence determination of some endocrine disrupting compounds. J. Fluoresc. 21, 843–850.
Mailhot, G., M. Sarakha, B. Lavedrine, J. Cáceres and S. Malato (2002) Fe(III)-solar light induced degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 49, 525–532.
Marchioni, F., A. Juris, M. Lobert, U. P. Seelbach, B. Kahlert and F.-G. Klärner (2005) Luminescent host–guest complexes involving molecular clips and tweezers and tetracyanobenzene. New J. Chem. 29, 780–784.
Sankararaman, S. and J. K. Kochi (1989) Photoinduced electron transfer by charge-transfer and singlet-sensitized activation. Facile retro-pinacol via fragmentation of cation radicals. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. , 1800–1802.
Phillips, D. (1967) Fluorescence and triplet state of hexafluorobenzene. J. Chem. Phys. 46, 4679–4689.
Beauchamp, Y. and G. Durocher (1976) Processus radiatif et non-radiatif de l'état premier singulet excité chez les dérivés fluorés du benzene en solution dans l'éthanol. Spectrochim. Acta A 32, 269–276.
Parshall, G. W. (1962) Synthesis of polyfluorobenzenes. J. Org. Chem. 27, 4649–4651.
Bozak, R. E. (1971) Photochemistry in the metallocenes. In Advances in Photochemistry, Vol. 8. (Edited by J. N. Pitts, Jr., G. S. Hammond and W. A. Noyes, Jr.), pp. 227–244. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Roberts, K. M., M. A. Flahive and J. E. House (2013) Thermodynamics of dissolution of ferrocene in n-octane, methanol, and acetonitrile. Polyhedron 53, 240–242.
Pavlopoulos, T. G. and P. R. Hammond (1974) Spectroscopic studies of some laser dyes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 6568–6579.
Hamai, S. and F. Hirayama (1983) Actinometric determination of absolute fluorescence quantum yields. J. Phys. Chem. 87, 83–89.
Matsuoka, S., H. Fujii, T. Yamada, C. Pac, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku, M. Kusaba, N. Nakashima, S. Yanagida, K. Hashimoto and T. Sakata (1991) Photocatalysis of oligo(p-phenylenes). Photoreductive production of hydrogen and ethanol in aqueous triethylamine. J. Phys. Chem. 95, 5802–5808.
Nijegorodov, N. I., W. S. Downey and M. B. Danailov (2000) Systematic investigation of absorption, fluorescence and laser properties of some p- and m-oligophenylenes. Spectrochim. Acta A 56, 783–795.
Clar, E. (1948) Das Kondensationsprinzip, ein einfaches neues Prinzip im Aufbau der aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, XLII Mitteilung). Chem. Ber. 81, 52–63.
Rajendiran, N. and M. Swaminathan (1995) Photoluminescence of 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2797–2802.
Azim, S. A. (1999) Photo-degradation and emission characteristics of benzidine in halomethane solvents. Spectrochim. Acta A 56, 127–132.
Oosugi, J., M. Sasaki and I. Oonishi (1967) Pressure effect on the rate of rearrangement of o, o'-hydrazotoluene. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 88, 512–516.
Carlin, R. B. and R. C. Odioso (1954) The benzidine rearrangement. IV. Kinetics of the rearrangement of o-hydrazotoluene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 100–104.
Huang, M., J. Gu, S. P. Elangovan, Y. Li, W. Zhao, T. Iijima, Y. Yamazaki and J. Shi (2013) Intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity of hydrophilic mesoporous carbons. Chem. Lett. 42, 785–787.
Yang, R., K. Li, F. Liu, N. Li, F. Zhao and W. Chan (2003) 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-N-(9-anthrylmethyl)benzidine: A dual-signaling fluorescent reagent for optical sensing of aliphatic aldehydes. Anal. Chem. 75, 3908–3914.
Debaerdemaeker, T., W.-D. Schröer and W. Friedrichsen (1981) Reaktionen von Fulvenen mit 1,3-dipolaren Verbindungen, III. Reaktionen von Tetraarylfulvenen mit 3-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolium-5-olat. Liebigs Ann. Chem. , 502–520.
Hennig, H., K.-H. Heckner, A. A. Pavlov and M. G. Kuzmin (1980) Spektroskopische Eigenschaften von Silacyclopentadienderivaten. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 84, 1122–1124.
Streitwieser, A., D. Z. Wang, M. Stratakis, A. Facchetti, R. Gareyev, A. Abbotto, J. A. Krom and K. V. Kilway (1998) Extended lithium ion pair indicator scale in tetrahydrofuran. Can. J. Chem. 76, 765–769.
Son, C. and A. Inagaki (2016) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of a naphthyl-substituted photosensitizing BINAP–palladium complex. Dalton Trans. 45, 1331–1334.
Yang, W. and T. Nakano (2015) Synthesis of poly(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diyl)s having a π-stacked, helical conformation. Chem. Commun. 51, 17269–17272.
Wang, Q., X. Chen, L. Tao, L. Wang, D. Xiao, X.-Q. Yu and L. Pu (2007) Enantioselective fluorescent recognition of amino alcohols by a chiral tetrahydroxyl 1,1'-binaphthyl compound. J. Org. Chem. 72, 97–101.
Ma, L., P. S. White and W. Lin (2002) Well-defined enantiopure 1,1'-binaphthyl-based oligomers: Synthesis, structure, photophysical properties, and chiral sensing. J. Org. Chem. 67, 7577–7586.
Eaton, D. F. (1988) Reference materials for fluorescence measurement. Pure Appl. Chem. 60, 1107–1114.
Müller, A. M., Y. S. Avlasevich, K. Müllen and C. J. Bardeen (2006) Evidence for exciton fission and fusion in a covalently linked tetracene dimer. Chem. Phys. Lett. 421, 518–522.
Nijegorodov, N. and R. Mabbs (2002) Luminescence-laser classification of heteroaromatic and aromatic compounds. Spectrochim. Acta A 58, 349–361.
Chen, Y.-L., C.-K. Hau, H. Wang, H. He, M.-S. Wong and A. W. M. Lee (2006) Oxadisilole-fused isobenzofurans. Synthesis and characterization of oxadisilole-substituted acenes. J. Org. Chem. 71, 3512–3517.
Shimizu, A., A. Ito and Y. Teki (2016) Photostability enhancement of the pentacene derivative having two nitronyl nitroxide radical substituents. Chem. Commun. 52, 2889–2892.
Soep, B., A. Kellmann, M. Martin, and L. Lindqvist (1972) Study of triplet quantum yields using a tunable dye laser. Chem. Phys. Lett. 13, 241–244.
Barker, C. C., R. G. Emmerson and J. D. Periam (1958) Triphenylene: An examination of modified Mannich syntheses, and an improvement of the Rapson synthesis. J. Chem. Soc. , 1077–1080.
Meech, S. R. and D. Phillips (1983) Photophysics of some common fluorescence standards. J. Photochem. 23, 193–217.
Flora, W. H., H. K. Hall and N. R. Armstrong (2003) Guest emission processes in doped organic light-emitting diodes: Use of phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine near-IR dopants. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 1142–1150.
Paraskar, A. S., A. R. Reddy, A. Patra, Y. H. Wijsboom, O. Gidron, L. J. W. Shimon, G. Leitus and M. Bendikov (2008) Rubrenes: Planar and twisted. Chem. Eur. J. 14, 10639–10647.
Chvátal, I., J. Vymĕtal, J. Pecha, V. Šimánek, L. Dolejš, J. Bartoň and J. Fryčka (1983) Isolation and identification of by-products of gas phase catalytic oxidation of anthracene to 9,10-anthraquinone. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 48, 112–122.
Yamaguchi, H., K. Kitano, K. Toyoda and H. Baumann (1982) Magnetic circular dichroism spectra of naphthalic anhydride and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic 1,8:4,5-dianhydride. Spectrochim. Acta A 38, 261–263.
Mondal, P. and S. P. Rath (2016) Efficient host-guest complexation of a bisporphyrin host with electron deficient guests: Synthesis, structure, and photoinduced electron transfer. Isr. J. Chem. 56, 144–155.
Lewis, F. D., J. L. Hougland and S. A. Markarian (2000) Formation and anomalous behavior of aminonaphthalene–cinnamonitrile exciplexes. J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 3261–3268.
Koepernik, H. and R. Borsdorf (1983) Identifizierung substituierter Naphthalensulfonsäuren mittels UV-Spektroskopie — ein Beitrag zur Strukturaufklärung von sauren Azofarbstoffen. J. Prakt. Chem. 325, 1002–1010.
Manoharan, R. and S. K. Dogra (1988) Acidity constants in the excited states: Absence of an excited-state prototropic equilibrium for the monocation–neutral pair of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5282–5287.
Lee, J. and G. W. Robinson (1985) Electron hydration dynamics using the 2-anilinonaphthalene precursor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 6153–6156.
Diwu, Z., Y. Lu, C. Zhang, D. H. Klaubert and R. P. Haugland (1997) Fluorescent molecular probes. II. The synthesis, spectral properties and use of fluorescent solvatochromic DapoxylTM dyes. Photochem. Photobiol. 66, 424–431.
Kosower, E. M. and H. Kanety (1983) Intramolecular donor–acceptor systems. 10. Multiple fluorescences from 8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 6236–6243.
Barros, T. C., I. M. Cuccovia, J. P. S. Farah, J. C. Masini, H. Chaimovich and M. J. Politi (2006) Mechanism of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride hydrolysis and formation in aqueous solution. Org. Biomol. Chem. 4, 71–82.
Politi, M. J. and H. Chaimovich (1986) Water activity in reversed sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate micelles. J. Phys. Chem. 90, 282–287.
Tran-Thi, T.-H., C. Prayer, P. Millié, P. Uznanski and J. T. Hynes (2002) Substituent and solvent effects on the nature of the transitions of pyrenol and pyranine. Identification of an intermediate in the excited-state proton-transfer reaction. J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 2244–2255.
Armitage, J. B., N. Entwistle, E. R. H. Jones and M. C. Whiting (1954) Researches on acetylenic compounds. Part XLI. The synthesis of diphenylpolyacetylenes. J. Chem. Soc., 147–154.
Ferrante, C., U. Kensy and B. Dick (1993) Does diphenylacetylene (tolan) fluoresce from its second excited singlet state? Semiempirical mo calculations and fluorescence quantum yield measurements. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 13457–13463.
Lewis, F. D., A. M. Bedell, R. E. Dykstra, J. E. Elbert, I. R. Gould and S. Farid (1990) Photochemical generation, isomerization, and oxygenation of stilbene cation radicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 8055–8064.
Saltiel, J., A. S. Waller, D. F. Sears, Jr. and C. Z. Garrett (1993) Fluorescence quantum yields of trans-stilbene-d0 and -d2 in n-hexane and n-tetradecane. Medium and deuterium isotope effects on decay processes. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 2516–2522.
Saltiel, J., A. S. Waller and D. F. Sears (1993) The temperature and medium dependencies of cis-stilbene fluorescence. The energetics for twisting in the lowest excited singlet state. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 2453–2465.
Beale, R. N. and E. M. F. Roe (1953) Ultra-violet absorption spectra of trans- and cis-stilbenes and their derivatives. Part I. Trans- and cis-stilbenes. J. Chem. Soc. , 2755–2763.
DiCesare, N. and J. R. Lakowicz (2001) Spectral properties of fluorophores combining the boronic acid group with electron donor or withdrawing groups. Implication in the development of fluorescence probes for saccharides. J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 6834–6840.
Roberts, J. C. and J. A. Pincock (2006) Methoxy-substituted stilbenes, styrenes, and 1-arylpropenes: Photophysical properties and photoadditions of alcohols. J. Org. Chem. 71, 1480–1492.
Allen, M. T. and D. G. Whitten (1989) The photophysics and photochemistry of α,ω-diphenylpolyene singlet states. Chem. Rev. 89, 1691–1702.
Gegiou, D., K. A. Muszkat and E. Fischer (1968) Temperature dependence of photoisomerization. VI. The viscosity effect. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 12–18.
Drefahl, G. and G. Plötner (1958) Untersuchungen über stilbene, XX. Polyphenyl-polybutadiene. Chem. Ber. 91, 1285–1289.
Chattopadhyay, S. K., P. K. Das and G. L. Hug (1982) Photoprocesses in diphenylpolyenes. Oxygen and heavy-atom enhancement of triplet yields. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 4507–4514.
Birks, J. B. and D. J. Dyson (1963) The relations between the fluorescence and absorption properties of organic molecules. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser.- A 275, 135–148.
Hudson, B. and B. Kohler (1974) Linear polyene electronic structure and spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 25, 437–460.
Allen, M. T., L. Miola and D. G. Whitten (1988) Host–guest interactions: A fluorescence investigation of the solubilization of diphenylpolyene solute molecules in lipid bilayers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 3198–3206.
Shorygin, P. P. and T. M. Ivanova (1958) On the simultaneous observation of the Raman spectrum and fluorescence. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 3, 764–767.
Gruen, H. and H. Görner (1989) Trans → cis photoisomerization, fluorescence, and relaxation phenomena of trans-4-nitro-4'-(dialkylamino)stilbenes and analogues with a nonrotatable amino group. J. Phys. Chem. 93, 7144–7152.
Jasim, F. and F. Ali (1989) Measurements of some spectrophotometric parameters of curcumin in 12 polar and nonpolar organic solvents. Microchem. J. 39, 156–159.
Chignell, C. F., P. Bilski, K. J. Reszka, A. G. Motten, R. H. Sik and T. A. Dahl (1994) Spectral and photochemical properties of curcumin. Photochem. Photobiol. 59, 295–302.
Park, K.-s., Y. Seo, M. K. Kim, K. Kim, Y. K. Kim, H. Choo and Y. Chong (2015) A curcumin-based molecular probe for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of tau fibrils in Alzheimer's disease. Org. Biomol. Chem. 13, 11194–11199.
Nakayama, T. A. and H. G. Khorana (1990) Synthesis of a new photoactivatable analogue of 11-cis-retinal. J. Org. Chem. 55, 4953–4956.
Becker, R. S., G. Hug, P. K. Das, A. M. Schaffer, T. Takemura, N. Yamamoto and W. Waddell (1976) Visual pigments. 4. Comprehensive consideration of the spectroscopy and photochemistry of model visual pigments. J. Phys. Chem. 80, 2265–2273.
Becker, R. S., K. Inuzuka and D. E. Balke (1971) Comprehensive investigation of the spectroscopy and photochemistry of retinals. I. Theoretical and experimental considerations of absorption spectra. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 38–42.
Chihara, K. and W. H. Waddell (1980) Electronic and vibrational spectral investigation of the molecular association of the all-trans isomers of retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 2963–2968.
Bhattacharyya, K., S. Rajadurai and P. K. Das (1987) Micellar effects on photoprocesses in retinyl polyenes. Tetrahedron 43, 1701–1711.
Zawadzki, M. E. and A. B. Ellis (1983) Silica gel mediated photoisomerization of retinal isomers and comparisons with other forms of environmental perturbation. J. Org. Chem. 48, 3156–3161.
Zechmeister, L. and A. Polgár (1943) Cis-trans isomerization and spectral characteristics of carotenoids and some related compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 1522–1528.
Dallinger, R. F., W. H. Woodruff and M. A. J. Rodgers (1981) The lifetime of the excited singlet state of β-carotene: Consequences to photosynthetic light harvesting. Photochem. Photobiol. 33, 275–277.
Tric, C. and V. Lejeune (1970) Les carotenes fluorescent-ils? Photochem. Photobiol. 12, 339–343.
Fujimoto, A. and K. Inuzuka (1978) Hydrogen bond of 4-amino-5H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one derivatives with alcohols. I. Experimental considerations. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 51, 2781–2785.
Kaito, A., M. Hatano and A. Tajiri (1977) CNDO treatment for Faraday B terms of some azaheterocycles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 5241–5246.
Wang, M.-L., C.-C. Ou and J.-J. Jwo (1995) Study of the reaction of benzoyl chloride and sodium dicarboxylate under inverse phase transfer catalysis. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2165–2174.
Chmurzyński, L., A. Liwo, A. Wawrzynów and A. Tempczyk (1986) Theoretical and experimental studies on the UV spectra of pyridine N-oxide perchlorates. J. Mol. Struct. 143, 375–378.
Richter, I., M. R. Warren, J. Minari, S. A. Elfeky, W. Chen, M. F. Mahon, P. R. Raithby, T. D. James, K. Sakurai, S. J. Teat, S. D. Bull and J. S. Fossey (2009) Solid-state structures and solution analyses of a phenylpropylpyridine N-oxide and an N-methyl phenylpropylpyridine. Chem. Asian J. 4, 194–198.
Pietrzycki, W., P. Tomasik and A. Sucharda-Sobczyk (1981) Monoexcited singlet states and conformation of some acylpyridines. J. Mol. Struct. 75, 141–153.
López-de-Luzuriaga, J. M., E. Manso, M. Monge, M. E. Olmos, M. Rodriguez-Castillo and D. Sampedro (2015) The effect of gold(I) coordination on the dual fluorescence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Dalton Trans. 44, 11029–11039.
Szydłowska, I., A. Kyrychenko, J. Nowacki and J. Herbich (2003) Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in 4-dimethylaminopyridines. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 1032–1038.
Nunn, A. J. and K. Schofield (1952) Experiments on the preparation of certain derivatives of 2- and 4-benzylpyridine. J. Chem. Soc. , 583–589.
Takeuchi, Y., K. L. Kirk and L. A. Cohen (1979) Imidazole cyclotrimers (trimidazoles), a novel heteroannular series. J. Org. Chem. 44, 4243–4246.
Aziz, S., S. Dumas, M. El Azzouzi, M. Sarakha and J.-M. Chovelon (2010) Photophysical and photochemical studies of thifensulfuron-methyl herbicide in aqueous solution. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 209, 210–218.
Juárez, R., R. Gómez, J. L. Segura and C. Seoane (2005) Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of donor–acceptor phenylazomethine dendrimers. Tetrahedron Lett. 46, 8861–8864.
Clark, P. F., J. A. Elvidge and R. P. Linstead (1953) Heterocyclic imines and amines. Part II. Derivatives of isoindoline and isoindolenine. J. Chem. Soc. , 3593–3601.
Leznoff, C. C., S. Greenberg, B. Khouw and A. B. P. Lever (1987) The syntheses of mono- and disubstituted phthalocyanines using a dithioimide. Can. J. Chem. 65, 1705–1713.
Čarsky, P., S. Hünig, I. Stemmler and D. Scheutzow (1980) Über zweistufige redoxsysteme, XXVII: Vinyloge Bipyridyle und Bichinolyle; Synthesen und UV/VIS-Spektren. Liebigs Ann. Chem. , 291–304.
Xing, K., R. Fan, S. Gao, X. Wang, X. Du, P. Wang, R. Fang and Y. Yang (2016) Controllable synthesis of Zn/Cd(II) coordination polymers: Dual-emissive luminescent properties, and tailoring emission tendency under varying excitation energies. Dalton Trans. 45, 4863–4878.
Kireev, G. V., V. B. Leont'ev, Y. V. Kurbatov, O. S. Otroshchenko and A. S. Sadykov (1980) IR and UV spectroscopy and the spatial and electronic structure of the dipyridyl N-oxides. Russ. Chem. Bull. 29, 740–746.
Miwa, T. and M. Koizumi (1963) The quenching action of pyridine and quinoline on the fluorescence of naphthalene derivatives. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 36, 1619–1629.
Snyder, R. and A. C. Testa (1984) Influence of electron-donor–acceptor complexation on electronic relaxation of quinoline. J. Phys. Chem. 88, 5948–5950.
Mataga, N., Y. Kaifu and M. Koizumi (1956) On the base strength of some nitrogen heterocycles in the excited state. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 29, 373–379.
Ochiai, E., C. Kaneko, I. Shimada, Y. Murata, T. Kosuge, S. Miyashita and C. Kawasaki (1960) Entstehung von 3-Hydroxyderivaten bei der N-Oxydierung der Chinolinderivate mittels Wasserstoffperoxyds in Eisessig-Lösung. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 8, 126–130.
Harrowven, D. C., B. J. Sutton and S. Coulton (2002) Intramolecular radical additions to quinolines. Tetrahedron 58, 3387–3400.
Morgan, K. J. (1958) The alkylation of mercaptobenzothiazole. J. Chem. Soc., 854–858.
Ellis, B. and P. J. F. Griffiths (1965) The ultra-violet spectra of thiazole and benzthiazole. Spectrochim. Acta 21, 1881–1892.
Tono-oka, S. and I. Azuma (1989) Enzymatic ADP-ribosylation of benzotriazoles and related triazoles. Difference of glycosidation site between triazoles and indazoles. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 26, 339–343.
Trofimova, O. M., E. I. Brodskaya, Y. I. Bolgova, N. F. Chernov and M. G. Voronkov (2003) 1- and 2-Trimethoxysilylmethyl and 1- and 2-silatranylmethylbenzotriazoles. Dokl. Chem. 388, 26–29.
Adler, T. K. (1962) Fluorescence properties of mono- and poly-azaindoles. Anal. Chem. 34, 685–689.
Bowden, K., E. A. Braude and E. R. H. Jones (1946) Studies in light absorption. Part III. Auxochromic properties and the periodic system. J. Chem. Soc., 948–952.
Matsuo, T. and H. Shosenji (1972) A study on the nature of the electronic absorption bands of formylpyrroles and acetylpyrroles. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 45, 1349–1353.
Scott, W. J., W. J. Bover, K. Bratin and P. Zuman (1976) Nucleophilic additions to aldehydes and ketones. 2. Reactions of heterocyclic aldehydes with hydroxide ions. J. Org. Chem. 41, 1952–1957.
Carabineiro, S. A., P. T. Gomes, L. F. Veiros, C. Freire, L. C. J. Pereira, R. T. Henriques, J. E. Warren and S. I. Pascu (2007) Bis(ketopyrrolyl) complexes of Co(II) stabilised by trimethylphosphine ligands. Dalton Trans., 5460–5470.
Shank, N. I., H. H. Pham, A. S. Waggoner and B. A. Armitage (2013) Twisted cyanines: A non-planar fluorogenic dye with superior photostability and its use in a protein-based fluoromodule. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 242–251.
Fei, X., Y. Hao, Y. Gu, C. Li and L. Yu (2014) Study on the synthesis and spectra of a novel kind of carbozole benzothiazole indole styryl cyanine dye with a carbazole bridged chain. J. Fluoresc. 24, 563–568.
Yang, P., A. De Cian, M.-P. Teulade-Fichou, J.-L. Mergny and D. Monchaud (2009) Engineering bisquinolinium/Thiazole Orange conjugates for fluorescent sensing of G-quadruplex DNA. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 2188–2191.
Deligeorgiev, T. G., N. I. Gadjev, K.-H. Drexhage and R. W. Sabnis (1995) Preparation of intercalating dye Thiazole Orange and derivatives. Dyes Pigments 29, 315–322.
Guo, R.-J., J.-W. Yan, S.-B. Chen, L.-Q. Gu, Z.-S. Huang and J.-H. Tan (2016) A simple structural modification to Thiazole Orange to improve the selective detection of G-quadruplexes. Dyes Pigments 126, 76–85.
Lindberg, D. J. and E. K. Esbjörner (2016) Detection of amyloid-β fibrils using the DNA-intercalating dye YOYO-1: Binding mode and fibril formation kinetics. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 469, 313–318.
Mukherjee, P., S. Rafiq and P. Sen (2016) Dual relaxation channel in thioflavin-T: An ultrafast spectroscopic study. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 328, 136–147.
Mohanty, J., N. Barooah, V. Dhamodharan, S. Harikrishna, P. I. Pradeepkumar and A. C. Bhasikuttan (2013) Thioflavin T as an efficient inducer and selective fluorescent sensor for the human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 367–376.
Zakharova, G. V., R. R. Konstantinov, A. V. Odinokov, A. K. Chibisov, M. V. Alfimov, I. E. Kasheverov, Y. N. Utkin, M. N. Zhmak and V. I. Tsetlin (2016) Effect of a peptide modeling the nicotinic receptor binding site on the spectral and luminescent properties of dye complexes with cucurbit[8]uril. High Energy Chem. 50, 121–126.
Freire, S., M. H. de Araujo, W. Al-Soufi and M. Novo (2014) Photophysical study of Thioflavin T as fluorescence marker of amyloid fibrils. Dyes Pigments 110, 97–105.
Voropai, E. S., M. P. Samtsov, K. N. Kaplevskii, A. A. Maskevich, V. I. Stepuro, O. I. Povarova, I. M. Kuznetsova, K. K. Turoverov, A. L. Fink and V. N. Uverskii (2003) Spectral properties of thioflavin T and its complexes with amyloid fibrils. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 70, 868–874.
Kalyanasundaram, K. (1982) Photophysics, photochemistry, and solar energy conversion with tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and its analogues. Coord. Chem. Rev. 46, 159–244.
Van Houten, J. and R. J. Watts (1976) Temperature dependence of the photophysical and photochemical properties of the tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) ion in aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 4853–4858.
Boulton, A. J., P. B. Ghosh and A. R. Katritzky (1966) Heterocyclic rearrangements. Part V. Rearrangement of 4-arylazo- and 4-nitroso-benzofuroxans: New syntheses of the benzotriazole and benzofurazan ring systems. J. Chem. Soc. B, 1004–1011.
Uchiyama, S., K. Takehira, S. Kohtani, K. Imai, R. Nakagaki, S. Tobita and T. Santa (2003) Fluorescence on–off switching mechanism of benzofurazans. Org. Biomol. Chem. 1, 1067–1072.
Raichenok, T. F., R. P. Litvinovskaya, V. N. Zhabinskii, M. E. Raiman, A. L. Kurtikova and P. S. Minin (2012) Synthesis and spectral and luminescence properties of new conjugates of brassinosteroids for immunofluorescence analysis. Chem. Nat. Compd. 48, 267–271.
Rudat, B., E. Birtalan, S. B. L. Vollrath, D. Fritz, D. K. Kölmel, M. Nieger, U. Schepers, K. Müllen, H.-J. Eisler, U. Lemmer and S. Bräse (2011) Photophysical properties of fluorescently-labeled peptoids. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 46, 4457–4465.
Asghar, B. H. M. and M. R. Crampton (2007) Carbanion reactivity; studies of σ-adduct formation from benzyltriflone anions and 4-nitrobenzofurazan derivatives. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 20, 702–709.
Kenner, R. A. and A. A. Aboderin (1971) A new fluorescent probe for protein and nucleoprotein conformation. Binding of 7-(p-methoxybenzylamino)-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole to bovine trypsinogen and bacterial ribosomes. Biochemistry-USA 10, 4433–4440.
Matsushita, Y., M. Takahashi and I. Moriguchi (1986) Binding of fluorescent 7-amino-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole derivatives to bovine serum albumin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34, 333–339.
Dai, X., E. Rollin, A. Bellerive, C. Hargrove, D. Sinclair, C. Mifflin and F. Zhang (2008) Wavelength shifters for water Cherenkov detectors. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 589, 290–295.
Shahabadi, N. and M. Maghsudi (2013) Gel electrophoresis and DNA interaction studies of the food colorant Quinoline Yellow. Dyes Pigments 96, 377–382.
Osipova, T. F., G. I. Koldobskii, V. A. Ostrovskii and Y. Y. Myznikov (1985) Tetrazoles. 20. Tetrazolium salts in interphase catalysis. Chem. Heterocyclic Compd. 21, 700–703.
Ostrovskaya, V. M., L. K. Shpigun, Y. V. Shushenachev, A. K. Buryak and A. S. Peregudov (2015) Synthesis and properties of sulfo-containing tetrazolium betaines and their formazan precursors. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 85, 2048–2057.
Irvin, J. L. and E. M. Irvin (1948) A fluorometric method for the determination of Pamaquine, SN-13276, and SN-3294. J. Biol. Chem. 174, 589–596.
Pant, D., U. C. Tripathi, G. C. Joshi, H. B. Tripathi and D. D. Pant (1990) Photophysics of doubly-charged quinine: Steady state and time-dependent fluorescence. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 51, 313–325.
Abu-Eittah, R., A. Obaid, S. Basahl and E. Diefallah (1988) Molecular orbital treatment of some amino acids. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 61, 2609–2613.
Fasman, G. D. (1975) Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Proteins,Vol. I. (Edited by G. D. Fasman), pp. 183–203. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Kirby, E. P. and R. F. Steiner (1970) The influence of solvent and temperature upon the fluorescence of indole derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. 74, 4480–4490.
Fasman, G. D. (1975) Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Nucleic Acids, Vol. I. (Edited by G. D. Fasman), pp. 65–215. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Callis, P. R. (1979) Polarized fluorescence and estimated lifetimes of the DNA bases at room temperature. Chem. Phys. Lett. 61, 563–567.
Longworth, J. W., R. O. Rahn and R. G. Shulman (1966) Luminescence of pyrimidines, purines, nucleosides, and nucleotides at 77°K. The effect of ionization and tautomerization. J. Chem. Phys. 45, 2930–2939.
Gustavsson, T., Á. Bányász, E. Lazzarotto, D. Markovitsi, G. Scalmani, M. J. Frisch, V. Barone and R. Improta (2006) Singlet excited-state behavior of uracil and thymine in aqueous solution: A combined experimental and computational study of 11 uracil derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 607–619.
Schenone, P., L. Sansebastiano and L. Mosti (1990) Reaction of 2-dimethylaminomethylene-1,3-diones with dinucleophiles. VIII. Synthesis of ethyl and methyl 2,4-disubstituted 5-pyrimidinecarboxylates. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 27, 295–305.
Kitamura, T., A. Hikita, H. Ishikawa and A. Fujimoto (2005) Photoinduced amino–imino tautomerization reaction in 2-aminopyrimidine and its methyl derivatives with acetic acid. Spectrochim. Acta A 62, 1157–1164.
Kompantsev, V. A. and A. L. Skinkarenko (1973) Phenolic glycosides of the roots of Salix pentandroides. Chem. Nat. Compd. 9, 127.
Spengler, B., M. Karas, U. Bahr and F. Hillenkamp (1987) Excimer laser desorption mass spectrometry of biomolecules at 248 and 193 nm. J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6502–6506.
Zapesochnaya, G. G., V. A. Kurkin, V. B. Braslavskii and N. V. Filatova (2002) Phenolic compounds of Salix acutifolia bark. Chem. Nat. Compd. 38, 314–318.
Koziol, J. (1966) Studies on flavins in organic solvents—I. Spectral characteristics of riboflavin, riboflavin tetrabutyrate and lumichrome. Photochem. Photobiol. 5, 41–54.
Koziol, J. and E. Knobloch (1965) The solvent effect on the fluorescence and light absorption of riboflavin and lumiflavin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 102, 289–300.
Sun, M., T. A. Moore and P.-S. Song (1972) Molecular luminescence studies of flavins. I. The excited states of flavins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 1730–1740.
Girenko, E. G., S. A. Borisenkova and O. L. Kaliya (2002) Oxidation of ascorbic acid in the presence of phthalocyanine metal complexes. Chemical aspects of catalytic anticancer therapy. 1. Catalysis of oxidation by cobalt octacarboxyphthalocyanine. Russ. Chem. Bull. 51, 1231–1236.
Wittine, K., T. Gazivoda, M. Markuš, D. Mrvoš-Sermek, A. Hergold-Brundić, M. Cetina, D. Žiher, V. Gabelica, M. Mintas and S. Raić-Malić (2004) Crystal structures, circular dichroism spectra and absolute configurations of some L-ascorbic acid derivatives. J. Mol. Struct. 687, 101–106.
Mukai, K., A. Ouchi, A. Mitarai, K. Ohara and C. Matsuoka (2009) Formation and decay dynamics of vitamin E radical in the antioxidant reaction of vitamin E. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 82, 494–503.
Valgimigli, L., G. Brigati, G. F. Pedulli, G. A. DiLabio, M. Mastragostino, C. Arbizzani and D. A. Pratt (2003) The effect of ring nitrogen atoms on the homolytic reactivity of phenolic compounds: Understanding the radical-scavenging ability of 5-pyrimidinols. Chem. Eur. J. 9, 4997–5010.
Nanni, E. J., Jr., M. D. Stallings and D. T. Sawyer (1980) Does superoxide ion oxidize catechol, α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid by direct electron transfer? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 4481–4485.
Nishioku, Y., K. Ohara, K. Mukai and S.-i. Nagaoka (2001) Time-resolved EPR investigation of the photo-initiated intramolecular antioxidant reaction of vitamin K—vitamin E linked molecule. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 5032–5038.
Díaz, T. G., I. Durán-Merás, M. I. R. Cáceres and B. R. Murillo (2006) Comparison of different fluorimetric signals for the simultaneous multivariate determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils. Appl. Spectrosc. 60, 194–202.
Hirschmann, R., R. Miller and N. L. Wendler (1954) The synthesis of vitamin K1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 4592–4594.
Off, M. K., A. E. Steindal, A. C. Porojnicu, A. Juzeniene, A. Vorobey, A. Johnsson and J. Moan (2005) Ultraviolet photodegradation of folic acid. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 80, 47–55.
Thomas, A. H., C. Lorente, A. L. Capparelli, M. R. Pokhrel, A. M. Braun and E. Oliveros (2002) Fluorescence of pterin, 6-formylpterin, 6-carboxypterin and folic acid in aqueous solution: pH effects. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1, 421–426.
Zhao, F., H. Zhang, H. Hu, G. Zhang, K. Yang, R. Liu, H. Li, Y. Liu, Z. Liu and Z. Kang (2013) Lead–vitamin complex [Pb(C19H15N7O6)]∙4H2O and its application in bioimaging. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 29, 165–168.
Tyagi, A. and A. Penzkofer (2010) Fluorescence spectroscopic behaviour of folic acid. Chem. Phys. 367, 83–92.
Venuvanalingam, P., U. C. Singh and N. R. Subbaratnam (1980) Semi-empirical MO-calculations on the electronic spectra of benzoquinonechlorimides. Spectrochim. Acta A 36, 103–107.
Braude, E. A. (1945) Studies in light absorption. Part I. p-Benzoquinones. J. Chem. Soc., 490–497.
Meddeb-Limem, S., B. Malezieux, P. Herson, S. Besbes-Hentati, H. Said, J.-C. Blais and M. Bouvet (2005) The first calixarenequinhydrone: Syntheses, self-organized films and solvatochromism. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 18, 1176–1182.
Kuboyama, A., S. Matsuzaki, H. Takagi and H. Arano (1974) Studies of the π-π* absorption bands of p-quinones and o-benzoquinone. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 47, 1604–1607.
Ohta, N. and L. Kevan (1985) Electron spin resonance study of chlorophyll a cation radical in photoirradiated frozen vesicle solutions with or without electron scavengers. J. Phys. Chem. 89, 3070–3076.
Noda, S., T. Doba, T. Mizuta, M. Miura and H. Yoshida (1980) Free radical intermediates in the photoreduction of p-benzoquinone in ethanol solution. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 61–64.
Oshima, T. and T. Nagai (1982) Kinetic solvent effects in the decomposition of diphenyldiazomethane with chloranil and 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 55, 555–560.
Pisarenko, L. M. (1999) Autooxidation of tetrachlorohydroquinone in aqueous media. Russ. Chem. Bull. 48, 881–886.
Arai, G. and M. Onozuka (1979) Mechanism of the reaction of chloro-p-benzoquinones with sodium sulfite. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 243–247.
Guerry-Butty, E., E. Haselbach, C. Pasquier, P. Suppan and D. Phillips (1985) Laser flash photolysis of chloranil in solution. Helv. Chim. Acta 68, 912–918.
Nogami, T., T. Hishida, Y. Shirota, H. Mikawa and S. Nagakura (1974) Charge-transfer interaction and chemical reaction. V. Reaction of o-phenylenediamine with chloranil. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 47, 2103–2106.
Hartshorn, M. P., W. T. Robinson, J. Vaughan, J. M. White and A. R. Whyte (1984) The nitration of pentamethylphenol. Aust. J. Chem. 37, 1489–1502.
Flaig, W., T. Ploetz and A. Küllmer (1955) Über Ultraviolettspektren einiger Benzochinone. Z. Naturforsch. B 10, 668–676.
Achremowicz, L., J. Mlochowski, C. Mora and J. Skarżewski (1982) The complexes of dipicolinic acid and related compounds in oxidation of organic substrates. J. Prakt. Chem. 324, 735–742.
Gleiter, R. and D. Kratz (1990) Isolation of a donor-acceptor superphane with a quinone and a CpCo-cyclobutadiene unit. Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 5893–5896.
Miller, J. S., P. J. Krusic, D. A. Dixon, W. M. Reiff, J. H. Zhang, E. C. Anderson and A. J. Epstein (1986) Radical ion salts of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and metallocenes. A reexamination of their magnetic and spectroscopic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 4459–4466.
Kjølberg, O. and K. Neumann (1994) Synthesis of acyclic carbohydrate isopropylidene mixed acetals using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone as a catalyst. Acta Chem. Scand. 48, 80–83.
Bone, S. and R. Pethig (1985) Electrical properties of the perylene–p-chloranil complex and the effect of o-chloranil as an impurity. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 81, 537–543.
Bettermann, H. and H.-J. Schroers (1991) Laser-induced intermolecular photocycloaddition of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone. Spectrochim. Acta A 47, 893–896.
Gripenberg, J. (1958) Fungus pigments. X. The ultra-violet absorption of some substituted 2,5-diphenylbenzoquinones and their leucoacetates. Acta Chem. Scand. 12, 1762–1767.
Rücker, C., D. Lang, J. Sauer, H. Friege and R. Sustmann (1980) Reaktivität substituierter 1,3-Butadiene in Diels-Alder-Reaktionen. Chem. Ber. 113, 1663–1690.
Dixon, D. A. and J. S. Miller (1987) Crystal and molecular structure of the charge-transfer salt of decamethylcobaltocene and tetracyanoethylene (2:1): {[Co(C5Me5)2]+}2[(NC)2CC(CN)2]2-. The electronic structures and spectra of [TCNE]n (n = 0, 1–, 2–). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3656–3664.
Maruyama, K., H. Imahori, K. Nakagawa and N. Tanaka (1989) Strongly deformed TCNQ derivatives: Syntheses and properties of 7,12-bis(dicyanomethylene)-7,12-dihydrobenz[a]-anthracene (BDCNBA) derivatives. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 62, 1626–1634.
Takimiya, K., T. Yanagimoto, T. Yamashiro, F. Ogura and T. Otsubo (1998) Syntheses and properties of 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-2,6-anthraquinodimethane (TANT) and its 9,10-dichloro derivative as novel extensive electron acceptors. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 71, 1431–1435.
Blinka, T. A. and R. West (1983) Octacyanotetramethylenecyclobutane dianion and its anion-radical. Tetrahedron Lett. 24, 1567–1568.
Kini, A. M., D. O. Cowan, F. Gerson and R. Möckel (1985) New synthesis and properties of 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthraquinodimethane: An electron acceptor displaying a single-wave, two-electron reduction and a coproportionation pathway to the radical anion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 556–562.
Yoshida, S., M. Fujii, Y. Aso, T. Otsubo and F. Ogura (1994) Novel electron acceptors bearing a heteroquinonoid system. 4. Syntheses, properties, and charge-transfer complexes of 2,7-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,7-dihydrobenzo[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene, 2,7-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene, and 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene. J. Org. Chem. 59, 3077–3081.
Prezhdo, V., O. Prezhdo and E. Ovsiankina (1995) Synthesis of 2-chloroalkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and their reactivity in the formation of autocomplexes. Spectrochim. Acta A 51, 2465–2472.
Sasaki, S., K. Ogawa, M. Watanabe and M. Yoshifuji (2010) Synthesis and properties of sterically crowded triarylphosphines bearing naphthoquinone moieties. Organometallics 29, 757–766.
Watanabe, M., S. Hisamatsu, H. Hotokezaka and S. Furukawa (1986) Reaction of lithiated senecioamide and related compounds with benzynes: Efficient syntheses of naphthols and naphthoquinones. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34, 2810–2820.
Taguchi, H., S. Kita and Y. Tani (1995) Microbial conversion of 2-methylnaphthalene to 2-methyl-1-naphthol and menadione. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 59, 2001–2003.
Gautrot, J. E., P. Hodge, M. Helliwell, J. Raftery and D. Cupertino (2009) Synthesis of electron-accepting polymers containing phenanthra-9,10-quinone units. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 4148–4156.
Togashi, D. M. and D. E. Nicodem (2004) Photophysical studies of 9,10-phenanthrenequinones. Spectrochim. Acta A 60, 3205–3212.
Majumder, P. L. and R. C. Sen (1991) Bulbophyllanthrone, a phenanthraquinone from Bulbophyllum odoratissimum. Phytochemistry 30, 2092–2094.
Kuboyama, A. and H. Matsumoto (1979) The similarity between the π,π* absorption spectra of 1-indenone and 1,2-naphthoquinone. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 52, 1796–1798.
Barton, D. H. R., A. G. Brewster, S. V. Ley, C. M. Read and M. N. Rosenfeld (1981) Oxidation of phenols, pyrocatechols, and hydroquinones to ortho-quinones using benzeneseleninic anhydride. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1473–1476.
Kuboyama, A. and H. Arano (1976) Studies of the π→π* absorption bands of 1,2-naphthoquinone. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 49, 1401–1402.
Chekin, F. and A. Toluo (2013) Functionalization of multi carbon nanotubes with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium: A novel sulphydryl compounds sensor based on functionalized carbon nanotube film using Michael addition. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 60, 1175–1180.
Yoshimoto, T. (1963) Electronic absorption spectra of hydroxyanthraquinones. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 84, 733–736.
Meyer, A. Y. and A. Goldblum (1973) Planar and nonplanar unsaturation. Preparation, properties and molecular-orbital characterization of some fluoro-derivatives of anthracene and anthraquinone. Isr. J. Chem. 11, 791–804.
Miliani, C., A. Romani and G. Favaro (1998) A spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study of some anthraquinoid and indigoid colorants used in artistic paintings. Spectrochim. Acta A 54, 581–588.
Miliani, C., A. Romani and G. Favaro (2000) Acidichromic effects in 1,2-di- and 1,2,4-tri-hydroxyanthraquinones. A spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 13, 141–150.
Dhananjeyan, M. R., Y. P. Milev, M. A. Kron and M. G. Nair (2005) Synthesis and activity of substituted anthraquinones against a human filarial parasite, Brugia malayi. J. Med. Chem. 48, 2822–2830.
Itokawa, H., K. Mihara and K. Takeya (1983) Studies on a novel anthraquinone and its glycosides isolated from Rubia cordifolia and R. akane. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 2353–2358.
Zhang, L., S. Dong and L. Zhu (2007) Fluorescent dyes of the esculetin and alizarin families respond to zinc ions ratiometrically. Chem. Commun., 1891–1893.
Neumann, M., S. Füldner, B. König and K. Zeitler (2011) Metal-free, cooperative asymmetric organophotoredox catalysis with visible light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 951–954.
Gupta, D. N., P. Hodge and N. Khan (1981) Chemistry of quinones. Part 7. Synthesis of anthracyclinone analogs via Diels–Alder reactions of 1,4-anthraquinones. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 689–696.
Hartmann, H. and E. Lorenz (1952) Über die Absorptionsspektren der Chinone. Z. Naturforsch. A 7, 360–369.
Tang, Q., Z. Liang, J. Liu, J. Xu and Q. Miao (2010) N-heteroquinones: Quadruple weak hydrogen bonds and n-channel transistors. Chem. Commun. 46, 2977–2979.
Maurino, V., A. Bedini, D. Borghesi, D. Vione and C. Minero (2011) Phenol transformation photosensitised by quinoid compounds. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 11213–11221.
Nakajima, S. and K. Kawazu (1980) Coumarin and euponin, two inhibitors for insect development from leaves of Eupatorium japonicum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 44, 2893–2899.
Wood, P. D. and L. J. Johnston (1998) Photoionization and photosensitized electron-transfer reactions of psoralens and coumarins. J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 5585–5591.
Abu-Eittah, R. H. and B. A. H. El-Tawil (1985) The electronic absorption spectra of some coumarins. A molecular orbital treatment. Can. J. Chem. 63, 1173–1179.
Perel'son, M. E., V. P. Zvolinskii, G. I. Kagan and Y. N. Sheinker (1973) Investigation of the electronic spectra of α-pyrone derivatives by the Pariser-Parr-Pople method in the variable β approximation. J. Struct. Chem. 14, 221–228.
de Melo, J. S. S., R. S. Becker and A. L. Maçanita (1994) Photophysical behavior of coumarins as a function of substitution and solvent: Experimental evidence for the existence of a lowest lying 1(n,π*) state. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6054–6058.
Muthuramu, K. and V. Ramamurthy (1982) Photodimerization of coumarin in aqueous and micellar media. J. Org. Chem. 47, 3976–3979.
Traven, V. F., L. I. Vorobjeva, T. A. Chibisova, E. A. Carberry and N. J. Beyer (1997) Electronic absorption spectra and structure of hydroxycoumarin derivatives and their ionized forms. Can. J. Chem. 75, 365–376.
Wolfbeis, O. S. and G. Uray (1978) Fluoreszenzspektren, Photodissoziation und Phototautomerie einiger 4-Hydroxycumarine. Monatsh. Chem. 109, 123–136.
de Melo, J. S. and P. F. Fernandes (2001) Spectroscopy and photophysics of 4-and 7-hydroxycoumarins and their thione analogs. J. Mol. Struct. 565-566, 69–78.
Yakatan, G. J., R. J. Juneau and S. G. Schulman (1972) Phototautomerism of warfarin cation in lowest excited singlet state via an intramolecular hydrogen bridge. J. Pharm. Sci. 61, 749–753.
Kosiova, I. and P. Kois (2007) Synthesis of novel coumarin-based fluorescent probes. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 72, 996–1004.
Ishii, H., Y. Okada, M. Baba and T. Okuyama (2008) Studies of coumarins from the chinese drug Qianhu, XXVII: Structure of a new simple coumarin glycoside from Bai-Hua Qianhu, Peucedanum praeruptorum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 56, 1349–1351.
Gu, X., H. Zhu, S. Yang, Y.-C. Zhu and Y.-Z. Zhu (2014) Development of a highly selective H2S fluorescent probe and its application to evaluate CSE inhibitors. RSC Adv. 4, 50097–50101.
Heldt, J. R., J. Heldt, M. Stoń and H. A. Diehl (1995) Photophysical properties of 4-alkyl- and 7-alkoxycoumarin derivatives. Absorption and emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yield and decay time. Spectrochim. Acta A 51, 1549–1563.
Shi, H., Y. Cheng, K. H. Lee, R. F. Luo, N. Banaei and J. Rao (2014) Engineering the stereochemistry of cephalosporin for specific detection of pathogenic carbapenemase-expressing bacteria. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 8113–8116.
Sun, W.-C., K. R. Gee and R. P. Haugland (1998) Synthesis of novel fluorinated coumarins: Excellent UV–light excitable fluorescent dyes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8, 3107–3110.
Bissell, E. R., D. K. Larson and M. C. Croudace (1981) Some 7-substituted 4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarins. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 26, 348–350.
Gruzinskii, V. V., T. N. Kopylova, N. V. Svinarev, I. V. Sokolova and L. I. Loboda (1992) Investigation of excited states of monofluorophore and bifluorophore molecules. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 55, 1078–1082.
Cisse, L., A. Djande, M. Capo-Chichi, F. Delatre, A. Saba, A. Tine and J.-J. Aaron (2011) Revisiting the photophysical properties and excited singlet-state dipole moments of several coumarin derivatives. Spectrochim. Acta A 79, 428–436.
Farinotti, R., P. Siard, J. Bourson, S. Kirkiacharian, B. Valeur and G. Mahuzier (1983) 4-Bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin as a fluorescent label for carboxylic acids in chromatographic detection. J Chromatogr. 269, 81–90.
Reynolds, G. A. and K. H. Drexhage (1975) New coumarin dyes with rigidized structure for flashlamp-pumped dye lasers. Opt. Commun. 13, 222–225.
Jones, G., II, W. R. Jackson and A. M. Halpern (1980) Medium effects on fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes for coumarin laser dyes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 72, 391–395.
Jones, G., II, W. R. Jackson, C.-y. Choi and W. R. Bergmark (1985) Solvent effects on emission yield and lifetime for coumarin laser dyes. Requirements for a rotatory decay mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. 89, 294–300.
Czerney, P. and H. Hartmann (1982) Einfache Darstellung von N(2'-Hydroxy)-aryliden-nitro-anilinen als Cumarin-Synthone. J. Prakt. Chem. 324, 21–28.
Satam, V. S., R. N. Rajule, A. R. Jagtap, S. R. Bendre, H. N. Pati and V. R. Kanetkar (2010) Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorescent compounds derived from 1,4-diethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitroquinoxaline. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 47, 1066–1072.
Borisov, S. M. and I. Klimant (2007) Ultrabright oxygen optodes based on cyclometalated iridium(III) coumarin complexes. Anal. Chem. 79, 7501–7509.
Raikar, U. S., C. G. Renuka, Y. F. Nadaf, B. G. Mulimani, A. M. Karguppikar and M. K. Soudagar (2006) Solvent effects on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of coumarins 6 and 7 molecules: Determination of ground and excited state dipole moment. Spectrochim. Acta A 65, 673–677.
Jones, G., II and J. A. C. Jimenez (1999) Intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer for cations derived from azole-substituted coumarin dyes. Tetrahedron Lett. 40, 8551–8555.
Maslov, V. V., N. Y. Gorobets, A. V. Borisov and V. M. Nikitchenko (2003) New series of dyes for flashlamp-excited lasers. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 70, 794–799.
Satpati, A., S. Senthilkumar, M. Kumbhakar, S. Nath, D. K. Maity and H. Pal (2005) Investigations of the solvent polarity effect on the photophysical properties of Coumarin-7 dye. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 270–278.
Senthilikumar, S., S. Nath and H. Pal (2004) Photophysical properties of Coumarin-30 dye in aprotic and protic solvents of varying polarities. Photochem. Photobiol. 80, 104–111.
Dar, A. A. and O. A. Chat (2015) Cosolubilization of Coumarin30 and Warfarin in cationic, anionic, and nonionic micelles: A micelle—water interfacial charge dependent FRET. J. Phys. Chem. B 119, 11632–11642.
Van Gompel, J. A. and G. B. Schuster (1989) Photophysical behavior of ester-substituted aminocoumarins: A new twist. J. Phys. Chem. 93, 1292–1295.
Huitink, G. M., D. P. Poe and H. Diehl (1974) On the properties of Calcein Blue. Talanta 21, 1221–1229.
Imasaka, T., T. Ogawa and N. Ishibashi (1976) Characteristics of coordination compounds of Calcein Blue for a tunable organic liquid laser. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 49, 2687–2695.
Garazd, Y. L., A. S. Ogorodniichuk, M. M. Garazd and V. P. Khilya (2002) Modified coumarins. 6. Synthesis of substituted 5,6-benzopsoralens. Chem. Nat. Compd. 38, 424–433.
Krzeszewski, M., O. Vakuliuk and D. T. Gryko (2013) Color-tunable fluorescent dyes based on benzo[c]coumarin. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 5631–5644.
Aaron, J. J., M. Maafi, C. Párkányi and C. Boniface (1995) Quantitative treatment of the solvent effects on the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of acridines and phenazines. The ground and first excited singlet-state dipole moments. Spectrochim. Acta A 51, 603–615.
Diverdi, L. A. and M. R. Topp (1984) Subnanosecond time-resolved fluorescence of acridine in solution. J. Phys. Chem. 88, 3447–3451.
Zhigalova, E. B. and Y. P. Morozova (1985) Spectral properties of oxazine dyes and of their protonated forms. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 59, 1010–1013.
Bowen, E. J., N. J. Holder and G. B. Woodger (1962) Hydrogen bonding of excited states. J. Phys. Chem. 66, 2491–2492.
Wolff, T. (1981) The solvent dependent fluorescence quantum yield of acridine as a probe for water in micelles and for the preferred location of acridine in micellar solutions. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 85, 145–148.
Albert, A. (1965) Acridine syntheses and reactions. Part VI. A new dehalogenation of 9-chloroacridine and its derivatives. Further acridine ionisation constants and ultraviolet spectra. J. Chem. Soc., 4653–4657.
Melhuish, W. H. (1964) Measurement of quantum efficiencies of fluorescence and phosphorescence and some suggested luminescence standards. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 54, 183–186.
Kubota, Y. and R. F. Steiner (1977) Fluorescence decay and quantum yield characteristics of Acridine Orange and Proflavine bound to DNA. Biophys. Chem. 6, 279–289.
Ferguson, J. and A. W. H. Mau (1972) Absorption studies of acid–base equilibria of dye solutions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 17, 543–546.
Olmsted, J., III (1979) Calorimetric determinations of absolute fluorescence quantum yields. J. Phys. Chem. 83, 2581–2584.
Hegde, R., P. Thimmaiah, M. C. Yerigeri, G. Krishnegowda, K. N. Thimmaiah and P. J. Houghton (2004) Anti-calmodulin acridone derivatives modulate vinblastine resistance in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 39, 161–177.
Pál, D., I. Móczár, A. Kormos, P. Baranyai, L. Óvári and P. Huszthy (2015) Synthesis and enantiomeric recognition studies of optically active acridone bis(urea) and bis(thiourea) derivatives. Tetrahedron-Asymmetr. 26, 1335–1340.
Boużyk, A., L. Jóżwiak, A. Y. Kolendo and J. Błażejowski (2003) Theoretical interpretation of electronic absorption and emission transitions in 9-acridinones. Spectrochim. Acta A 59, 543–558.
Szymanska, A., W. Wiczk and L. Lankiewicz (2000) Synthesis and photophysics of acridine derivatives. Chem. Heterocyclic Compd., 801–808.
Dutta, R. K. and S. N. Bhat (1992) Dye-surfactant interaction in submicellar concentration range. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65, 1089–1095.
Porcal, G. V., E. M. Arbeloa, D. E. Orallo, S. G. Bertolotti and C. M. Previtali (2011) Photophysics of safranine-O and phenosafranine in reverse micelles of BHDC. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 226, 51–56.
Das, S. and G. S. Kumar (2008) Molecular aspects on the interaction of phenosafranine to deoxyribonucleic acid: Model for intercalative drug–DNA binding. J. Mol. Struct. 872, 56–63.
Bhowmik, B. B., R. Chaudhuri and K. K. Rohatgi-Mukherjee (1987) Dye-surfactant interaction & photogalvanic effect. Indian J. Chem. A 26, 95–98.
Bose, D., D. Ghosh, P. Das, A. Girigoswami, D. Sarkar and N. Chattopadhyay (2010) Binding of a cationic phenazinium dye in anionic liposomal membrane: A spectacular modification in the photophysics. Chem. Phys. Lipids 163, 94–101.
Singh, M. K., H. Pal, A. C. Bhasikuttan and A. V. Sapre (1998) Dual solvatochromism of Neutral Red. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 32–38.
Jozwiakowski, M. J. and K. A. Connors (1988) Studies on adsorptiochromism II: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of adsorptiochromic spiropyrans adsorbed to some pharmaceutically useful solids. J. Pharm. Sci. 77, 241–246.
Chen, L.-H., L.-Z. Liu and H.-X. Shen (2005) Fluorescence quenching investigation for janus green B and used as probe in determination of nucleic acids. Chin. J. Chem. 23, 291–296.
Nath, S., H. Pal, D. K. Palit, A. V. Sapre and J. P. Mittal (1998) Steady-state and time-resolved studies on photoinduced interaction of phenothiazine and 10-methylphenothiazine with chloroalkanes. J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 5822–5830.
Olmsted, M. P., P. N. Craig, J. J. Lafferty, A. M. Pavloff and C. L. Zirkle (1961) Analogs of phenothiazines. II. Phenoxazine and phenoselenazine analogs of phenothiazine drugs. J. Org. Chem. 26, 1901–1907.
Hanson, P. and R. O. C. Norman (1973) Heterocyclic free radicals. Part IV. Some reactions of phenothiazine, two derived radicals, and phenothiazin-5-ium ion. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 264–271.
Párkányi, C., C. Boniface, J. J. Aaron and M. Maafi (1993) A quantitative study of the effect of solvent on the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of substituted phenothiazines: Evaluation of their ground and excited singlet-state dipole moments. Spectrochim. Acta A 49, 1715–1725.
Ghosh, H. N., A. V. Sapre, D. K. Palit and J. P. Mittal (1997) Picosecond flash photolysis studies on phenothiazine in organic and micellar solution. J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 2315–2320.
Bacellar, I. O. L., C. Pavani, E. M. Sales, R. Itri, M. Wainwright and M. S. Baptista (2014) Membrane damage efficiency of phenothiazinium photosensitizers. Photochem. Photobiol. 90, 801–813.
Najafi, M., A. Abbasi, M. Masteri-Farahani and J. Janczak (2015) Two novel octamolybdate nanoclusters as catalysts for dye degradation by air under room conditions. Dalton Trans. 44, 6089–6097.
Demidova, T. N. and M. R. Hamblin (2005) Effect of cell-photosensitizer binding and cell density on microbial photoinactivation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 2329–2335.
Paul, P. and G. Suresh Kumar (2013) Spectroscopic studies on the binding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes Toluidine Blue O, Azure A and Azure B to DNA. Spectrochim. Acta A 107, 303–310.
Shine, H. J. and R. J. Small (1965) Ion radicals. VI. Phenoxathiin and phenoxathiin 5-oxide in sulfuric acid. J. Org. Chem. 30, 2140–2144.
Colonna, F. P., G. Distefano, V. Galasso, K. J. Irgolic, C. E. King and G. C. Pappalardo (1978) The conformation, UV-absorption spectra and photoelectron spectra of phenoxachalcogenins. J. Organomet. Chem. 146, 235–244.
Oyaizu, K., T. Mikami, F. Mitsuhashi and E. Tsuchida (2002) Synthetic routes to polyheteroacenes: Characterization of a heterocyclic ladder polymer containing phenoxathiinium-type building blocks. Macromolecules 35, 67–78.
Bolognese, A., G. Scherillo and W. Schäfer (1986) Reaction of o-aminophenol and p-benzoquinone in acetic acid. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 23, 1003–1006.
Gegiou, D., J. R. Huber and K. Weiss (1970) Photochemistry of phenoxazine. A flash-photolytic study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 5058–5062.
Sens, R. and K. H. Drexhage (1981) Fluorescence quantum yield of oxazine and carbazine laser dyes. J. Lumin. 24-25, 709–712.
Ni, W., H. Chen, J. Su, Z. Sun, J. Wang and H. Wu (2010) Effects of dyes, gold nanocrystals, pH, and metal ions on plasmonic and molecular resonance coupling. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 4806–4814.
Kubinyi, M., T. Vidóczy, O. Varga, K. Nagy and I. Bitter (2005) Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic study on complexation of Oxazine 1 dye by calix[8]arenesulfonate. Appl. Spectrosc. 59, 134–139.
Lavis, L. D., J. B. Grimm, J. Chin, S. Lionette, Z. Zhang, A. Revyakin and J. Slaughter (2015) Azetidine-substituted fluorescent compounds. WO 2015/153813 A1.
Ghanadzadeh, A., A. Zeini, A. Kashef and M. Moghadam (2009) Solvent polarizability and anisotropy effects on the photophysical behavior of Oxazine 1: An appropriate polarizability indicator dye. Spectrochim. Acta A 73, 324–329.
Magde, D., J. H. Brannon, T. L. Cremers and J. Olmsted, III (1979) Absolute luminescence yield of Cresyl Violet. A standard for the red. J. Phys. Chem. 83, 696–699.
Isak, S. J. and E. M. Eyring (1992) Fluorescence quantum yield of Cresyl Violet in methanol and water as a function of concentration. J. Phys. Chem. 96, 1738–1742.
Davis, M. M. and H. B. Hetzer (1966) Titrimetric and equilibrium studies using indicators related to Nile Blue A. Anal. Chem. 38, 451–461.
Sackett, D. L. and J. Wolff (1987) Nile Red as a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe of hydrophobic protein surfaces. Anal. Biochem. 167, 228–234.
Park, S.-Y., Y. Kubota, K. Funabiki, M. Shiro and M. Matsui (2009) Near-infrared solid-state fluorescent naphthooxazine dyes attached with bulky dibutylamino and perfluoroalkenyloxy groups at 6-and 9-positions. Tetrahedron Lett. 50, 1131–1135.
Liu, Q.-H., J. Liu, J.-C. Guo, X.-L. Yan, D.-H. Wang, L. Chen, F.-Y. Yan and L.-G. Chen (2009) Preparation of polystyrene fluorescent microspheres based on some fluorescent labels. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 2018–2025.
Alekseev, N. N., A. Y. Gorelenko, É. I. Zen'kevich, I. I. Kalosha and A. V. Chernook (1988) Photonics of a bifluorophore with an oxazine fragment. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 49, 974–978.
Deye, J. F., T. A. Berger and A. G. Anderson (1990) Nile Red as a solvatochromic dye for measuring solvent strength in normal liquids and mixtures of normal liquids with supercritical and near critical fluids. Anal. Chem. 62, 615–622.
Sahyun, M. R. V. (1988) Total luminescence spectroscopy in a reverse micellar system. J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6028–6032.
Kandori, H., K. Kemnitz and K. Yoshihara (1992) Subpicosecond transient absorption study of intermolecular electron transfer between solute and electron-donating solvents. J. Phys. Chem. 96, 8042–8048.
Kanitz, A. and H. Hartmann (1999) Preparation and characterization of bridged naphthoxazinium salts. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 923–930.
Kubinyi, M., J. Brátán, A. Grofcsik, L. Biczók, B. Poór, I. Bitter, A. Grün, B. Bogáti and K. Tóth (2002) Proton transfer and supramolecular complex formation between Nile Blue and tetraundecylcalix[4] resorcinarene––a fluorescence spectroscopic study. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1784–1789.
O'Reilly, J. P., C. P. Butts, I. A. I'Anson and A. M. Shaw (2005) Interfacial pH at an isolated silica—water surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 1632–1633.
Levine, M., I. Song, T. L. Andrew, S. E. Kooi and T. M. Swager (2010) Photoluminescent energy transfer from poly(phenyleneethynylene)s to near-infrared emitting fluorophores. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 48, 3382–3391.
Nickel, U., P. Halbig, H. Gliemann and S. Schneider (1997) Charge transfer like complexes of organic dyes adsorbed at colloidal silver studied by cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis and SERS spectroscopy. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 101, 41–49.
Zimmerman, G., L.-Y. Chow and U.-J. Paik (1958) The photochemical isomerization of azobenzene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3528–3531.
Ebara, N. (1960) Benzylideneaniline. I. Structure and ultraviolet absorption spectrum of benzylideneaniline. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 33, 534–539.
Koide, S., Y. Udagawa, N. Mikami, K. Kaya and M. Ito (1972) The resonance Raman effect of azobenzene and p-aminoazobenzene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 45, 3542–3543.
Pentimalli, L. (1959) Researches on the aromatic azocompounds. The oxidation of the 4-dimethylamino-azobenzene. Tetrahedron 5, 27–37.
Sugiura, W., T. Yoda, T. Matsuba, Y. Tanaka and Y. Suzuki (2006) Expression and characterization of the genes encoding azoreductases from Bacillus subtilis and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70, 1655–1665.
Li, W. and D. Xu (2013) Synthesis and properties of novel polyazobenzene. Asian J. Chem. 25, 3625–3628.
Wojciechowski, K. and J. Szadowski (1986) Effect of amide groups in p-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene derivatives on their spectral properties within the UV-Vis range. Polish J. Chem. 60, 797–810.
Ishikawa, N., T. Tanabe and T. Ohashi (1972) Preparation and visible absorption spectrum of tetrafluoro (Methyl Red). Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 202–204.
Mukherjee, S. and S. C. Bera (1998) Low temperature laser flash photolysis and spectral studies of Methyl Red. J. Chem. Soc.. Faraday Trans. 94, 67–71.
Wong, J.-H. and S. Lee (2012) pH-Dependent fluorescence property of Methyl Red isomers in silver colloids. Physica B 407, 232–234.
Oakes, J. and P. Gratton (1998) Kinetic investigations of the oxidation of Methyl Orange and substituted arylazonaphthol dyes by peracids in aqueous solution. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 2563–2568.
Batoeva, A. A. and M. R. Sizykh (2012) Oxidation of azo dyes in aqueous solutions by combined methods. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 85, 76–80.
Chen, Y., Z. Shen, L. Pastor-Pérez, H. Frey and S.-E. Stiriba (2005) Role of topology and amphiphilicity for guest encapsulation in functionalized hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine)s. Macromolecules 38, 227–229.
Seristatidou, E., A. Mavrogiorgou, I. Konstantinou, M. Louloudi and Y. Deligiannakis (2015) Recycled carbon (RC) materials made functional: An efficient heterogeneous Mn-RC catalyst. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 403, 84–92.
Liu, Y., Y. Fan, X.-Y. Liu, S.-Z. Jiang, Y. Yuan, Y. Chen, F. Cheng and S.-C. Jiang (2012) Amphiphilic hyperbranched copolymers bearing a hyperbranched core and dendritic shell: Synthesis, characterization and guest encapsulation performance. Soft Matter 8, 8361–8369.
Daneshvar, N., A. Aleboyeh and A. R. Khataee (2005) The evaluation of electrical energy per order (EEo) for photooxidative decolorization of four textile dye solutions by the kinetic model. Chemosphere 59, 761–767.
Karukstis, K. K., N. D. D'Angelo and C. T. Loftus (1997) Using the optical probe Methyl Orange to determine the role of surfactant and alcohol chain length in the association of 1-alkanols with alkyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 1968–1973.
Kanazawa, H. and T. Onami (1995) Degradation of azo dyes by sodium hypochlorite 3. Estimation of the rate equation for the degradation of Orange G and benzopurpurine. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2483–2489.
van Beek, H. C. A., P. M. Heertjes, C. Houtepen and D. Retzloff (1971) Formation of hydrazyl radicals and hydrazo compounds by photoreduction of azo dyes. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 87, 87–92.
Gautam, J. and H. Schott (1994) Interaction of anionic compounds with gelatin. I: Binding studies. J. Pharm. Sci. 83, 922–930.
Oakes, J., P. Gratton, R. Clark and I. Wilkes (1998) Kinetic investigation of the oxidation of substituted arylazonaphthol dyes by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 2569–2575.
Ambroise, A., J. Li, L. Yu and J. S. Lindsey (2000) A self-assembled light-harvesting array of seven porphyrins in a wheel and spoke architecture. Org. Lett. 2, 2563–2566.
Iida, H., T. Sato, H. Kawamoto, K. Takahashi and K. Yamada (1978) Reactions of nitrosobenzenes with nitrogen monoxide. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1003–1006.
Long, C., Z. Mai, X. Yang, B. Zhu, X. Xu, X. Huang and X. Zou (2011) A new liquid–liquid extraction method for determination of 6 azo-dyes in chilli products by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem. 126, 1324–1329.
Satam, M. A., R. K. Raut and N. Sekar (2013) Fluorescent azo disperse dyes from 3-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)naphthalen-2-ol and comparison with 2-naphthol analogs. Dyes Pigments 96, 92–103.
Gaynanova, G. A., A. M. Bekmukhametova, R. R. Kashapov, A. Y. Ziganshina and L. Y. Zakharova (2016) Superamphiphilic nanocontainers based on the resorcinarene – cationic surfactant system: Synergetic self-assembling behavior. Chem. Phys. Lett. 652, 190–194.
Prabhu, A. A. M., G. Venkatesh and N. Rajendiran (2010) Azo-hydrazo tautomerism and inclusion complexation of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthols with various solvents and β-cyclodextrin. J. Fluoresc. 20, 961–972.
Ledesma, G. N., G. A. Ibañez, G. M. Escandar and A. C. Olivieri (1997) Ground and excited state proton transfer in intramolecularly hydrogen bonded aromatic α-hydroxy azo, aldehydes and their derivatives. J. Mol. Struct. 415, 115–121.
Li, L., H.-W. Gao, J.-R. Ren, L. Chen, Y.-C. Li, J.-F. Zhao, H.-P. Zhao and Y. Yuan (2007) Binding of Sudan II and IV to lecithin liposomes and E. coli membranes: Insights into the toxicity of hydrophobic azo dyes. BMC Struct. Biol. 7, 16–24.
Tammina, S. K. and B. K. Mandal (2016) Tyrosine mediated synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity towards Violet 4 BSN dye. J. Mol. Liq. 221, 415–421.
Buryak, A., F. Zaubitzer, A. Pozdnoukhov and K. Severin (2008) Indicator displacement assays as molecular timers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 11260–11261.
Kamachi, S., K. Wakabayashi, K. Zaitsu and Y. Ohkura (1983) New chromogenic substrates for the assy of esterases — acetates and butyrates of phenolic naphthylazo compounds with sulfonic acid group. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 162–167.
Lin, J.-J., D. Liu, C. Fu and T.-Z. Li (2012) Optimization of Fenton-like degradation conditions of Acid Red 14 azo dye under low frequency ultrasonic irradiation. Asian J. Chem. 24, 4453–4457.
Arvin, M., G. Dehghan, M. A. Hosseinpourfeizi and A. A. Moosavi-Movahedi (2013) Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies on the interaction of carmoisine food additive with native calf thymus DNA. Spectrosc. Lett. 46, 250–256.
Whitlock, L. R., S. Siggia and J. E. Smola (1972) Spectrophotometric analysis of phenols and of sulfonates by formation of an azo dye. Anal. Chem. 44, 532–536.
Zakerhamidi, M. S., S. Golghasemi Sorkhabi and A. N. Shamkhali (2014) Polar and low polar solvents media effect on dipole moments of some diazo Sudan dyes. Spectrochim. Acta A 127, 340–348.
Zhang, H.-M., Y.-Q. Wang and M.-L. Jiang (2009) A fluorimetric study of the interaction of C.I. Solvent Red 24 with haemoglobin. Dyes Pigments 82, 156–163.
Kushwaha, S. and L. Bahadur (2011) Characterization of some metal-free organic dyes as photosensitizer for nanocrystalline ZnO-based dye sensitized solar cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 36, 11620–11627.
Skalićan, Z., Z. Kobliha and E. Halámek (1994) Ion-associates of N,N-diethyllysergamide with some sulfophthaleins and azo dyes. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 59, 575–581.
Liu, B., C. Xue, J. Wang, C. Yang, F. Zhao and Y. Lv (2010) Study on the competitive reaction between bovine serum albumin and neomycin with Ponceau S as fluorescence probe. J. Lumin. 130, 1999–2003.
El-Desoky, H. S., M. M. Ghoneim and N. M. Zidan (2010) Decolorization and degradation of Ponceau S azo-dye in aqueous solutions by the electrochemical advanced Fenton oxidation. Desalination 264, 143–150.
Al-Amoudi, M. S., M. Salman, M. M. Al-Majthoub, A. M. A. Adam, N. A. Alshanbari and M. S. Refat (2015) Spectral studies to increase the efficiency and stability of laser dyes by charge-transfer reactions for using in solar cells: Charge-transfer complexes of Ponceau S with p-chloranil, chloranilic and picric acids. Res. Chem. Intermed. 41, 3089–3108.
Tanizaki, Y. and N. Ando (1957) Absorption spectra of dyes. I. Aggregation and absorption spectra of benzidine diazo dyes. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 31, 343–348.
Ceccacci, F., A. Scipioni, B. Altieri, L. Giansanti and G. Mancini (2016) Achiral dye/surfactant heteroaggregates for chiral sensing of phosphocholines. Chirality 28, 22–28.
Childers, W. S., A. K. Mehta, K. Lu and D. G. Lynn (2009) Templating molecular arrays in amyloid's cross-β grooves. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 10165–10172.
Luo, Y.-H., J. Huang and I. Ichinose (2005) Bundle-like assemblies of cadmium hydroxide nanostrands and anionic dyes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 8296–8297.
Maruthamuthu, M. and E. Subramanian (1989) Spectral studies on the cooperative binding mechanism of Evans Blue to poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 62, 295–303.
Nishimura, Y., K. Yata, T. Nomoto, T. Ogiwara, K. Watanabe, T. Shintou, A. Tsuboyama, M. Okano, N. Umemoto, Z. Zhang, M. Kawabata, B. Zhang, J. Kuroyanagi, Y. Shimada, T. Miyazaki, T. Imamura, H. Tomimoto and T. Tanaka (2013) Identification of a novel indoline derivative for in vivo fluorescent imaging of blood-brain barrier disruption in animal models. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4, 1183–1193.
Tredwell, C. J. and C. M. Keary (1979) Picosecond time resolved fluorescence lifetimes of the polymethine and related dyes. Chem. Phys. 43, 307–316.
Benson, R. C. and H. A. Kues (1977) Absorption and fluorescence properties of cyanine dyes. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 22, 379–383.
Rentsch, S., R. Danielius and R. Gadonas (1984) Bestimmung von Lebensdauern und Transientenabsorptionsspektren von Polymethinfarbstoffen aus pikosekundenspektroskopischen Messungen. J.Signalaufz-Mater. 12, 319–328.
Kolic, P. E., N. Siraj, M. Cong, B. P. Regmi, X. Luan, Y. Wang and I. M. Warner (2016) Improving energy relay dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells by use of a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS). RSC Adv. 6, 95273–95282.
Arunkumar, E., N. Fu and B. D. Smith (2006) Squaraine-derived rotaxanes: Highly stable, fluorescent near-IR dyes. Chem. Eur. J. 12, 4684–4690.
Dempster, D. N., T. Morrow, R. Rankin and G. F. Thompson (1973) Photochemical characteristics of the mode-locking dyes 1,1'-diethyl-4,4' carbocyanine iodide (cryptocyanine, DCI) and 1,1'-diethyl-2,2' dicarbocyanine iodide (DDI). Chem. Phys. Lett. 18, 488–492.
Sheppard, S. E. and A. L. Geddes (1944) Effect of solvents upon the absorption spectra of dyes. V. Water as solvent: Quantitative examination of the dimerization hypothesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 2003–2009.
Sims, P. J., A. S. Waggoner, C.-H. Wang and J. F. Hoffman (1974) Studies on the mechanism by which cyanine dyes measure membrane potential in red blood cells and phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Biochemistry-USA 13, 3315–3330.
Waggoner, A., R. DeBiasio, P. Conrad, G. R. Bright, L. Ernst, K. Ryan, M. Nederlof and D. Taylor (1989) Multiple spectral parameter imaging. In Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30. pp. 449–478.
O'Brien, D. F., T. M. Kelly and L. F. Costa (1974) Excited-state properties of some carbocyanine dyes and energy-transfer mechanism of spectral sensitization. Photogr. Sci. Eng. 18, 76–84.
Roth, N. J. L. and A. C. Craig (1974) Predicted observable fluorescent lifetimes of several cyanines. J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1154–1155.
Dempster, D. N., T. Morrow, R. Rankin and G. F. Thompson, (1972) Photochemical characteristics of cyanine dyes. Part 1.––3,3'-Diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide and 3,3'-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 68, 1479–1496.
Magde, D. and M. W. Windsor (1974) Picosecond flash photolysis and spectroscopy: 3,3'-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DODCI). Chem. Phys. Lett. 27, 31–36.
Velsko, S. P. and G. R. Fleming (1982) Solvent influence on photochemical isomerizations: Photophysics of DODCI. Chem. Phys. 65, 59–70.
Aramendía, P. F., R. M. Negri and E. San Román (1994) Temperature dependence of fluorescence and photoisomerization in symmetrical carbocyanines. Influence of medium viscosity and molecular structure. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 3165–3173.
Davidson, Y. Y., B. M. Gunn and S. A. Soper (1996) Spectroscopic and binding properties of near-infrared tricarbocyanine dyes to double-stranded DNA. Appl. Spectrosc. 50, 211–221.
Kimura, M., H. Mitekura, T. Fujie and T. No (2002) Development of new three component photo-polymerization systems efficient even near the infrared region. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 75, 1159–1162.
Lindsey, J. S. and J. N. Woodford (1995) A simple method for preparing magnesium porphyrins. Inorg. Chem. 34, 1063–1069.
Grieser, F., M. Lay and P. J. Thistlethwaite (1985) Excited-state torsional relaxation in 1,1'-dihexyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide: Application to the probing of micelle structure. J. Phys. Chem. 89, 2065–2070.
Owens, E. A., H. Hyun, J. G. Tawney, H. S. Choi and M. Henary (2015) Correlating molecular character of NIR imaging agents with tissue-specific uptake. J. Med. Chem. 58, 4348–4356.
Duggan, J. X., J. DiCesare and J. F. Williams (1983) Investigations on the use of laser dyes as quantum counters for obtaining corrected fluorescence spectra in the near infrared. In New Directions in Molecular Luminescence. (Edited by D. Eastwood), pp. 112–126. ASTM Special Technical Publication 822, Philadelphia, PA.
Soper, S. A. and Q. L. Mattingly (1994) Steady-state and picosecond laser fluorescence studies of nonradiative pathways in tricarbocyanine dyes: Implications to the design of near-IR fluorochromes with high fluorescence efficiencies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 3744–3752.
Nani, R. R., J. B. Shaum, A. P. Gorka and M. J. Schnermann (2015) Electrophile-integrating Smiles rearrangement provides previously inaccessible C4'-O-alkyl heptamethine cyanine fluorophores. Org. Lett. 17, 302–305.
Jin, T., S. Tsuboi, A. Komatsuzaki, Y. Imamura, Y. Muranaka, T. Sakata and H. Yasuda (2016) Enhancement of aqueous stability and fluorescence brightness of indocyanine green using small calix[4]arene micelles for near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Med. Chem. Commun. 7, 623–631.
Sahyun, M. R. V. and N. Serpone (1997) Photophysics of thiacarbocyanine dyes: Relaxation dynamics in a homologous series of thiacarbocyanines. J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 9877–9883.
Kuzmin, V. A. and A. P. Darmanyan (1978) Study of sterically hindered short-lived isomers of polymethine dyes by laser photolysis. Chem. Phys. Lett. 54, 159–163.
Bilmes, G. M., J. O. Tocho and S. E. Braslavsky (1989) Photophysical processes of polymethine dyes. An absorption, emission, and optoacoustic study on 3,3'-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide. J. Phys. Chem. 93, 6696–6699.
Dixit, N. S. and R. A. Mackay (1983) Absorption and emission characteristics of Merocyanine 540 in microemulsions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2928–2929.
Hoebeke, M., J. Piette and A. van de Vorst (1990) Viscosity-dependent isomerization and fluorescence yields of Merocyanine 540. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 4, 273–282.
Aramendia, P. F., M. Krieg, C. Nitsch, E. Bittersmann and S. E. Braslavsky (1988) The photophysics of Merocyanine 540. A comparative study in ethanol and in liposomes. Photochem. Photobiol. 48, 187–194.
Benniston, A. C., A. Harriman and K. S. Gulliya (1994) Photophysical properties of Merocyanine 540 derivatives. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90, 953–961.
Meyer, M., J.-C. Mialocq and B. Perly (1990) Photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer and trans–cis isomerization of the DCM styrene dye. Picosecond and nanosecond laser spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. J. Phys. Chem. 94, 98–104.
Drake, J. M., M. L. Lesiecki and D. M. Camaioni (1985) Photophysics and cis–trans isomerization of DCM. Chem. Phys. Lett. 113, 530–534.
Bourson, J. and B. Valeur (1989) Ion-responsive fluorescent compounds. 2. Cation-steered intramolecular charge transfer in a crowned merocyanine. J. Phys. Chem. 93, 3871–3876.
Kay, R. E., E. R. Walwick and C. K. Gifford (1964) Spectral changes in a cationic dye due to interaction with macromolecules. I. Behavior of dye alone in solution and the effect of added macromolecules. J. Phys. Chem. 68, 1896–1906.
Kovalska, V. B., I. V. Valyukh, S. S. Lukashov, Y. L. Slominskii and S. M. Yarmoluk (2002) An investigation of tricarbocyanines "Stains-All" and "iso-Stains-All" as fluorescent nucleic acids probes. J. Fluoresc. 12, 209–212.
Müller, W. and F. Gautier (1975) Interactions of heteroaromatic compounds with nucleic acids. A ∙ T-specific non-intercalating DNA ligands. Eur. J. Biochem. 54, 385–394.
Brey, L. A., G. B. Schuster and H. G. Drickamer (1977) High pressure studies of the effect of viscosity on fluorescence efficiency in Crystal Violet and Auramine O. J. Chem. Phys. 67, 2648–2650.
Green, F. J. (1990) The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes and Indicators. Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Zollinger, H. (1991) Color Chemistry: Syntheses, Properties, and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments. 2nd Ed., VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
Yamada, K., H. Shosenji and K. Gotoh (1977) The effects of fluorescent substances on the photofading of colours. II - The effects of fluorescent brightening agents on the photofading of triphenylmethane dyes. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 93, 219–223.
Cremers, D. A. and M. W. Windsor (1980) A study of the viscosity-dependent electronic relaxation of some triphenylmethane dyes using picosecond flash photolysis. Chem. Phys. Lett. 71, 27–32.
Pathrose, B., V. P. N. Nampoori, P. Radhakrishnan and A. Mujeeb (2014) Measurement of absolute fluorescence quantum yield of Basic Fuchsin solution using a dual-beam thermal lens technique. J. Fluoresc. 24, 895–898.
Sarkar, M. and S. Poddar (1999) Spectral studies of Methyl Violet in aqueous solutions of different surfactants in supermicellar concentration region. Spectrochim. Acta A 55, 1737–1742.
Li, C., S. Liu, Z. Liu and X. Hu (2010) The interaction between furosemide-palladium (II) chelate and basic triphenylmethane dyes by resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and resonance non-linear scattering spectra and their analytical applications. Sci. China Chem. 53, 1767–1777.
Sun, H. Y., Y. Bai, M. G. Zhao, A. Y. Hao, G. Y. Xu, J. Shen, J. Y. Li, T. Sun and H. C. Zhang (2009) New cyclodextrin derivative 6-O-(2-hydroxybutyl)-β-cyclodextrin: Preparation and its application in molecular binding and recognition. Carbohyd. Res. 344, 1999–2004.
Hou, X., X. Tong, W. Dong, C. Dong and S. Shuang (2007) Synchronous fluorescence determination of human serum albumin with Methyl Blue as a fluorescence probe. Spectrochim. Acta A 66, 552–556.
Bhuchar, V. M. and A. K. Agarwal (1984) Selection of suitable indicators from comparison of colour transformation in terms of index of molar colour discrimination. Indian J. Chem. A 23, 262–264.
Kunimoto, K.-K., H. Sugiura, T. Kato, H. Senda, A. Kuwae and K. Hanai (2002) Ring-chain tautomerism of halogenated phenolphthaleins: Vibrational spectroscopic and semiempirical MO study. Heterocycles 57, 895–901.
Jayasree, V. and S. N. Bhat (2001) Host-guest complexes: Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies of cyclodextrins-dyes. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 78, 533–541.
Shapovalov, S. A. (2011) Association of anions of phenolsulfonephthalein and its alkyl-substituted derivatives with single-charged cations of polymethines. Russ. Chem. Bull. 60, 465–473.
Hojo, M., T. Ueda, K. Kawamura and M. Yamasaki (2000) The direct effects of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal perchlorates on the equilibria of acid–base indicators (sulfonephthaleins) in acetonitrile solution. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 73, 347–355.
Ali, A., S. Uzair, N. A. Malik and M. Ali (2014) Study of interaction between cationic surfactants and Cresol Red dye by electrical conductivity and spectroscopy methods. J. Mol. Liq. 196, 395–403.
Tomizaki, K.-y., R. S. Loewe, C. Kirmaier, J. K. Schwartz, J. L. Retsek, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten and J. S. Lindsey (2002) Synthesis and photophysical properties of light-harvesting arrays comprised of a porphyrin bearing multiple perylene-monoimide accessory pigments. J. Org. Chem. 67, 6519–6534.
Hofkens, J., L. Latterini, G. De Belder, T. Gensch, M. Maus, T. Vosch, Y. Karni, G. Schweitzer, F. C. De Schryver, A. Hermann and K. Müllen (1999) Photophysical study of a multi-chromophoric dendrimer by time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 304, 1–9.
Rademacher, A., S. Märkle and H. Langhals (1982) Lösliche Perylen-Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe mit hoher Photostabilität. Chem. Ber. 115, 2927–2934.
Prathapan, S., S. I. Yang, J. Seth, M. A. Miller, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten and J. S. Lindsey (2001) Synthesis and excited-state photodynamics of perylene–porphyrin dyads. 1. Parallel energy and charge transfer via a diphenylethyne linker. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 8237–8248.
Ford, W. E. and P. V. Kamat (1987) Photochemistry of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride dyes. 3. Singlet and triplet excited-state properties of the bis(2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)imide derivative. J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6373–6380.
Seybold, P. G., M. Gouterman and J. Callis (1969) Calorimetric, photometric and lifetime determinations of fluorescence yields of fluorescein dyes. Photochem. Photobiol. 9, 229–242.
Martin, M. M. (1975) Hydrogen bond effects on radiationless electronic transitions in xanthene dyes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 35, 105–111.
Linden, S. M. and D. C. Neckers (1988) Type I and type II sensitizers based on Rose Bengal onium salts. Photochem. Photobiol. 47, 543–550.
Kellogg, R. E. and R. G. Bennett (1964) Radiationless intermolecular energy transfer. III. Determination of phosphorescence efficiencies. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 3042–3045.
McHedlov-Petrossyan, N. O., V. I. Kukhtik and V. D. Bezugliy (2003) Dissociation, tautomerism and electroreduction of xanthene and sulfonephthalein dyes in N,N-dimethylformamide and other solvents. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 16, 380–397.
Kim, H. Y., H. G. Im and S.-K. Chang (2015) Colorimetric and fluorogenic signaling of fluoride ions by thiophosphinated dichlorofluorescein. Dyes Pigments 112, 170–175.
Mchedlov-Petrosyan, N. O., V. I. Kukhtik and S. I. Egorova (2006) Protolytic equilibria of fluorescein halo derivatives in aqueous-organic systems. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 76, 1607–1617.
Tan, L.-L., Y.-W. Yang, Y.-P. Liu and S. X.-A. Zhang (2013) One-pot synthesis of tetrafluoro- and tetrachlorofluorescein derivatives and their stabilization by β-cyclodextrin. Chin. J. Chem. 31, 612–616.
Fidaly, K., C. Ceballos, A. Falguières, M. S.-I. Veitia, A. Guy and C. Ferroud (2012) Visible light photoredox organocatalysis: A fully transition metal-free direct asymmetric α-alkylation of aldehydes. Green Chem. 14, 1293–1297.
Nijegorodov, N. and R. Mabbs (2001) The influence of molecular symmetry and topological factors on the internal heavy atom effect in aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Spectrochim. Acta A 57, 1449–1462.
Zwicker, E. F. and L. I. Grossweiner (1963) Transient measurements of photochemical processes in dyes. II. The mechanism of the photosensitized oxidation of aqueous phenol by Eosin. J. Phys. Chem. 67, 549–555.
Fleming, G. R., A. W. E. Knight, J. M. Morris, R. J. S. Morrison and G. W. Robinson (1977) Picosecond fluorescence studies of xanthene dyes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 4306–4311.
Lee, S.-H., D. H. Nam and C. B. Park (2009) Screening xanthene dyes for visible light-driven nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regeneration and photoenzymatic synthesis. Adv. Synth. Catal. 351, 2589–2594.
Ortmann, W., B. Winnig and E. Fanghänel (1986) Untersuchungen zum Mizelleinfluß auf die fotochemischen Primärprozesse von Erythrosin. J. Prakt. Chem. 328, 81–88.
Jones, W. J., A. Grofcsik, M. Kubinyi and D. Thomas (2006) Concentration-modulated absorption spectroscopy and the triplet state: Photoinduced absorption/bleaching in Erythrosin B, Rose Bengal and Eosin Y. J. Mol. Struct. 792-793, 121–129.
Pellosi, D. S., B. M. Estevão, C. F. Freitas, T. M. Tsubone, W. Caetano and N. Hioka (2013) Photophysical properties of erythrosin ester derivatives in ionic and non-ionic micelles. Dyes Pigments 99, 705–712.
Lamberts, J. J. M. and D. C. Neckers (1985) Rose Bengal derivatives as singlet oxygen sensitizers. Tetrahedron 41, 2183–2190.
Pintado-Alba, A., H. de la Riva, M. Nieuwhuyzen, D. Bautista, P. R. Raithby, H. A. Sparkes, S. J. Teat, J. M. López-de-Luzuriaga and M. C. Lagunas (2004) Effects of diphosphine structure on aurophilicity and luminescence in Au(I) complexes. Dalton Trans., 3459–3467.
Yuasa, J., M. Dan and T. Kawai (2013) Phosphorescent properties of metal-free diphosphine ligands and effects of copper binding. Dalton Trans. 42, 16096–16101.
Pal, P., H. Zeng, G. Durocher, D. Girard, T. Li, A. K. Gupta, R. Giasson, L. Blanchard, L. Gaboury, A. Balassy, C. Turmel, A. Laperrière and L. Villeneuve (1996) Phototoxicity of some bromine-substituted rhodamine dyes: Synthesis, photophysical properties and application as photosensitizers. Photochem. Photobiol. 63, 161–168.
Butorina, D. N., A. A. Krasnovskii, L. P. Savvina and N. A. Kuznetsova (2005) Bromorhodamines as efficient photosensitizers in the formation of singlet molecular oxygen in aqueous and ethanolic solutions. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 79, 791–794.
Kubin, R. F. and A. N. Fletcher (1982) Fluorescence quantum yields of some rhodamine dyes. J. Lumin. 27, 455–462.
Matsui, M., T. Higeta, M. Kimura, K. Funabiki and K.-i. Nakaya (2003) Chiral fluorescent labeling reagent derived from Rhodamine B for flurbiprofens. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 76, 1405–1408.
Arbeloa, F.L., P. R. Ojeda and I. L. Arbeloa (1989) Fluorescence self-quenching of the molecular forms of Rhodamine B in aqueous and ethanolic solutions. J. Lumin. 44, 105–112.
Krasovitskii, B. M., V. M. Shershukov, D. G. Pereyaslova and Y. M. Vinetskaya (1982) Aryloxazolyl-substituted Rhodamine C derivatives. Chem. Heterocyclic Compd. 18, 787–791.
Yuan, L., W. Lin, Y. Yang and H. Chen (2012) A unique class of near-infrared functional fluorescent dyes with carboxylic-acid-modulated fluorescence ON/OFF switching: Rational design, synthesis, optical properties, theoretical calculations, and applications for fluorescence imaging in living animals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 1200–1211.
Beija, M., C. A. M. Afonso and J. M. G. Martinho (2009) Synthesis and applications of rhodamine derivatives as fluorescent probes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 2410–2433.
Jadhav, A. G., S. Kothavale and N. Sekar (2017) Red emitting triphenylamine based rhodamine analogous with enhanced Stokes shift and viscosity sensitive emission. Dyes Pigments 138, 56–67.
Casey, K. G. and E. L. Quitevis (1988) Effect of solvent polarity on nonradiative processes in xanthene dyes: Rhodamine B in normal alcohols. J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6590–6594.
Snare, M. J., F. E. Treloar, K. P. Ghiggino and P. J. Thistlethwaite (1982) The photophysics of Rhodamine B. J. Photochem. 18, 335–346.
Karstens, T. and K. Kobs (1980) Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 101 as reference substances for fluorescence quantum yield measurements. J. Phys. Chem. 84, 1871–1872.
Hinckley, D. A., P. G. Seybold and D. P. Borris (1986) Solvatochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutions. Spectrochim. Acta A 42, 747–754.
Jones, G., II, X. Wang and J. Hu (2003) Photochemistry of rhodamine dye salts involving intra-ion-pair electron transfer. Can. J. Chem. 81, 789–798.
Magde, D., G. E. Rojas and P. G. Seybold (1999) Solvent dependence of the fluorescence lifetimes of xanthene dyes. Photochem. Photobiol. 70, 737–744.
Karpiuk, J., Z. R. Grabowski and F. C. De Schryver (1994) Photophysics of the lactone form of Rhodamine 101. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 3247–3256.
Myslinski, P. and D. Wieczorek (1990) Differential anisotropy of polarizability measured by picosecond transient dichroism and birefringence. J. Chem. Phys. 92, 969–977.
Galangau, O., C. Dumas-Verdes, R. Méallet-Renault and G. Clavier (2010) Rational design of visible and NIR distyryl-BODIPY dyes from a novel fluorinated platform. Org. Biomol. Chem. 8, 4546–4553.
Chen, R. F. (1968) Dansyl labeled proteins: Determination of extinction coefficient and number of bound residues with radioactive dansyl chloride. Anal. Biochem. 25, 412–416.
Bramhall, J. (1986) Phospholipid packing asymmetry in curved membranes detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. Biochemistry-USA 25, 3479–3486.
Weber, G. (1952) Polarization of the fluorescence of macromolecules: 2. Fluorescent conjugates of ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin. Biochem. J. 51, 155–167.
Chen, R. F. (1967) Fluorescence of dansyl amino acids in organic solvents and protein solutions. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 120, 609–620.
Stewart, W. W. (1981) Synthesis of 3,6-disulfonated 4-aminonaphthalimides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 7615–7620.
Yoon, M., H. N. Choi, H. W. Kwon and K. H. Park (1988) Solvent dependence of absorption and fluorescence spectra of piroxicam. A possible intramolecular proton transfer in the excited state. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 9, 171–175.
deVries, L. (1960) Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,5-hexamethylcyclopentadiene, and 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienylcarbinol. J. Org. Chem. 25, 1838.
Firth, W. J., III, C. L. Watkins, D. E. Graves and L. W. Yielding (1983) Synthesis and characterization of ethidium analogs: Emphasis on amino and azido substituents. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 20, 759–765.
Cosa, G., K.-S. Focsaneanu, J. R. N. McLean, J. P. McNamee and J. C. Scaiano (2001) Photophysical properties of fluorescent DNA-dyes bound to single- and double-stranded DNA in aqueous buffered solution. Photochem. Photobiol. 73, 585–599.
Osadchii, S. A., V. G. Shubin, L. P. Kozlova, V. S. Varlamenko, M. L. Filipenko and U. A. Boyarskikh (2011) Improvement of ways to obtain ethidium bromide and synthesis of ethidium ethyl sulfate, a new fluorescent dye for detection of nucleic acids. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 84, 1541–1548.
Zhang, Y., J. Wang, P. Jia, X. Yu, H. Liu, X. Liu, N. Zhao and B. Huang (2010) Two-photon fluorescence imaging of DNA in living plant turbid tissue with carbazole dicationic salt. Org. Biomol. Chem. 8, 4582–4588.
Härd, T., P. Fan and D. R. Kearns (1990) A fluorescence study of the binding of Hoechst 33258 and DAPI to halogenated DNAs. Photochem. Photobiol. 51, 77–86.
Kapuscinski, J. (1995) DAPI: A DNA-specific fluorescent probe. Biotech. Histochem. 70, 220–233.
Bichenkova, E. V., S. Frau, O. S. Fedorova and K. T. Douglas (2001) Binding of a desmetallo-porphyrin conjugate of Hoechst 33258 to DNA. III. Strong binding to single-strand oligonucleotides. Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl. Acids 20, 157–168.
Weisblum, B. and E. Haenssler (1974) Fluorometric properties of the bibenzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258, a fluorescent probe specific for AT concentration in chromosomal DNA. Chromosoma 46, 255–260.
Law, K.-Y. (1987) Squaraine chemistry. Effects of structural changes on the absorption and multiple fluorescence emission of bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]squaraine and its derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. 91, 5184–5193.
Wolfbeis, O. S. and P. Hochmuth (1986) The fluorescence of ellagic acid and its borax complex. Monatsh. Chem. 117, 369–374.
Tang, J.-H., G.-B. Liang, C.-Z. Zheng and N. Lian (2013) Investigation on the binding behavior of ellagic acid to human serum albumin in aqueous solution. J. Solution Chem. 42, 226–238.
Press, R. E. and D. Hardcastle (1969) Some physico-chemical properties of ellagic acid. J. Appl. Chem. 19, 247–251.
Gandía-Herrero, F., J. Escribano and F. García-Carmona (2012) Purification and antiradical properties of the structural unit of betalains. J. Nat. Prod. 75, 1030–1036.
Schwartz, S. J. and J. H. von Elbe (1980) Quantitative determination of individual betacyanin pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 540–543.
Wendel, M., S. Nizinski, D. Tuwalska, K. Starzak, D. Szot, D. Prukala, M. Sikorski, S. Wybraniec and G. Burdzinski (2015) Time-resolved spectroscopy of the singlet excited state of betanin in aqueous and alcoholic solutions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 18152–18158.
Zhang, D., S. M. Lanier, J. A. Downing, J. L. Avent, J. Lum and J. L. McHale (2008) Betalain pigments for dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 195, 72–80.
Bartoloni, F. H., L. C. P. Gonçalves, A. C. B. Rodrigues, F. A. Dörr, E. Pinto and E. L. Bastos (2013) Photophysics and hydrolytic stability of betalains in aqueous trifluoroethanol. Monatsh. Chem. 144, 567–571.
De Britto, J., V. S. Manickam, S. Gopalakrishnan, T. Ushioda and N. Tanaka (1995) Determination of aglycone chirality in dihydroflavonol 3-O-α-L-rhamnosides by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 43, 338–339.
Liu, H.-B., D. Yu, S. C. Shin, H.-R. Park, J. K. Park and K.-M. Bark (2009) Spectroscopic properties of quercetin derivatives, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, in hydro-organic mixed solvents. Photochem. Photobiol. 85, 934–942.
Liang, R., C.-H. Chen, R.-M. Han, J.-P. Zhang and L. H. Skibsted (2010) Thermodynamic versus kinetic control of antioxidant synergism between β-carotene and (iso)flavonoids and their glycosides in liposomes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 9221–9227.
Ayupbek, A., K.-L. Hu and H. A. Aisa (2012) Chemical constituents from the leaves of Sorbus tianschanica. Chem. Nat. Compd. 48, 133–134.
Tempesti, T. C., M. G. Alvarez, M. F. de Araújo, F. E. A. Catunda, Jr., M. G. de Carvalho and E. N. Durantini (2012) Antifungal activity of a novel quercetin derivative bearing a trifluoromethyl group on Candida albicans. Med. Chem. Res. 21, 2217–2222.
Okamura, N., H. Haraguchi, K. Hashimoto and A. Yagi (1994) Flavonoids in Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. Phytochemistry 37, 1463–1466.
Wilson, R. M. and A. Hengge (1987) Nucleophilic additions to triazolinedione ylides, extremely reactive carbonyl equivalents: A new class of condensation reactions. J. Org. Chem. 52, 2699–2707.
Yu, L., K. Muthukumaran, I. V. Sazanovich, C. Kirmaier, E. Hindin, J. R. Diers, P. D. Boyle, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten and J. S. Lindsey (2003) Excited-state energy-transfer dynamics in self-assembled triads composed of two porphyrins and an intervening bis(dipyrrinato)metal complex. Inorg. Chem. 42, 6629–6647.
Brückner, C., V. Karunaratne, S. J. Rettig and D. Dolphin (1996) Synthesis of meso-phenyl-4,6-dipyrrins, preparation of their Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) chelates, and structural characterization of bis[meso-phenyl-4,6-dipyrrinato]Ni(II). Can. J. Chem. 74, 2182–2193.
Wagner, R. W. and J. S. Lindsey (1996) Boron-dipyrromethene dyes for incorporation in synthetic multi-pigment light-harvesting arrays. Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 1373–1380. Corrigendum: Wagner, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1998, 70 (8), p. i.
Sazanovich, I. V., C. Kirmaier, E. Hindin, L. Yu, D. F. Bocian, J. S. Lindsey and D. Holten (2004) Structural control of the excited-state dynamics of bis(dipyrrinato)zinc complexes: Self-assembling chromophores for light-harvesting architectures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 2664–2665.
Eisner, U. and R. P. Linstead (1955) Chlorophyll and related substances. Part II. The dehydrogenation of chlorin to porphin and the number of extra hydrogen atoms in the chlorins. J. Chem. Soc., 3749–3754.
Gradyushko, A. T., A. N. Sevchenko, K. N. Solovyov and M. P. Tsvirko (1970) Energetics of photophysical processes in chlorophyll-like molecules. Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 387–400.
Albers, V. M. and H. V. Knorr (1936) Spectroscopic studies of the simpler porphyrins: I. The absorption spectra of porphin, ms-methyl porphin, ms-ethyl porphin, ms-propyl porphin and ms-phenyl porphin. J. Chem. Phys. 4, 422–425.
Ohno, O., Y. Kaizu and H. Kobayashi (1985) Luminescence of some metalloporphins including the complexes of the IIIb metal group. J. Chem. Phys. 82, 1779–1787.
Hungerford, G., M. Van der Auweraer, J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J.-L. Pierre and D. Zurita (1999) Intramolecular energy transfer in bis-porphyrins containing diimine chelates of variable geometry as spacers. Chem. Eur. J. 5, 2089–2100.
Dogutan, D. K., M. Ptaszek and J. S. Lindsey (2007) Direct synthesis of magnesium porphine via 1-formyldipyrromethane. J. Org. Chem. 72, 5008–5011.
Barth, G., R. E. Linder, N. Waespe-Sarcevic, E. Bunnenberg, C. Djerassi, Y. J. Aronowitz and M. Gouterman (1977) Magnetic circular dichroism studies. Part 45. A comparison between the magnetic circular dichroism and Shpol'skii spectra of palladium, zinc, and magnesium porphin. J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Trans. 2, 337–343.
Liu, X., E. K. L. Yeow, S. Velate and R. P. Steer (2006) Photophysics and spectroscopy of the higher electronic states of zinc metalloporphyrins: A theoretical and experimental study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 1298–1309.
Gradyushko, A. T. and M. P. Tsvirko (1971) Probabilities of intercombination transitions in porphyrin and metalloporphyrin molecules. Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 31, 291–295.
Eisner, U., A. Lichtarowicz and R. P. Linstead (1957) Chlorophyll and related compounds. Part VI. The synthesis of octaethylchlorin. J. Chem. Soc., 733–739.
Zass, E., H. P. Isenring, R. Etter and A. Eschenmoser (1980) Der Einbau von Magnesium in Liganden der Chlorophyll-Reihe mit (2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-methylphenoxy)magnesiumjodide. Helv. Chim. Acta 63, 1048–1067.
Yokoi, H. and M. Iwaizumi (1980) An ESR study of the interaction of copper(II) octaethylporphyrin with π-acceptors. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 53, 1489–1492.
Choudhury, B. and T. K. Chandrashekar (1989) Optical and magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of metallotetraphenylchlorin and octaethylporphyrin with trinitrofluorenone. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 62, 290–294.
Buchler, J. W. and L. Puppe (1970) Metallkomplexe mit Tetrapyrrol-Liganden, II: Metallchelate des α.g-Dimethyl-α.g-dihydro-octaäthylporphins durch reduzierende Methylierung von Octaäthylporphinato-zink. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 740, 142–163.
Ventura, B., L. Flamigni, G. Marconi, F. Lodato and D. L. Officer (2008) Extending the porphyrin core: Synthesis and photophysical characterization of porphyrins with π-conjugated β-substituents. New J. Chem. 32, 166–178.
Seybold, P. G. and M. Gouterman (1969) Porphyrins. XIII: Fluorescence spectra and quantum yields. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 31, 1–13.
Badger, G. M., R. A. Jones and R. L. Laslett (1964) Porphyrins. VII. The synthesis of porphyrins by the Rothemund reaction. Aust. J. Chem. 17, 1028–1035.
Kim, J. B., J. J. Leonard and F. R. Longo (1972) A mechanistic study of the synthesis and spectral properties of meso-tetraarylporphyrins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 3986–3992.
Staab, H. A., G. Voit, J. Weiser and M. Futscher (1992) Porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes with gradually varied acceptor strength: Physical properties related to electron transfer. Chem. Ber. 125, 2303–2310.
Barnett, G. H., M. F. Hudson and K. M. Smith (1975) Concerning meso-tetraphenylporphyrin purification. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1401–1403.
Harriman, A., G. Porter and N. Searle (1979) Reversible photo-oxidation of zinc tetraphenylporphine by benzo-1,4-quinone. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 75, 1515–1521.
Harriman, A. (1980) Luminescence of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Part 1.—zinc(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) porphyrins. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 76, 1978–1985.
Ghosh, A., S. M. Mobin, R. Fröhlich, R. J. Butcher, D. K. Maity and M. Ravikanth (2010) Effect of five membered versus six membered meso-substituents on structure and electronic properties of Mg(II) porphyrins: A combined experimental and theoretical study. Inorg. Chem. 49, 8287–8297.
Strachan, J.-P., D. F. O'Shea, T. Balasubramanian and J. S. Lindsey (2000) Rational synthesis of meso-substituted chlorin building blocks. J. Org. Chem. 65, 3160–3172.
Miller, J. R. and G. D. Dorough (1952) Pyridinate complexes of some metallo-derivatives of tetraphenylporphine and tetraphenylchlorin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 3977–3981.
Politis, T. G. and H. G. Drickamer (1982) High pressure luminescence of metalloporphyrins in liquid solution. J. Chem. Phys. 76, 285–291.
Gogan, N. J. and Z. U. Suddiqui (1970) Tricarbonylchromium complexes of αβγδ-tetraphenylporphinzinc. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 284–285.
Lindsey, J. S. and R. W. Wagner (1989) Investigation of the synthesis of ortho-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins. J. Org. Chem. 54, 828–836.
Yang, S. I., J. Seth, J.-P. Strachan, S. Gentemann, D. Kim, D. Holten, J. S. Lindsey and D. F. Bocian (1999) Ground and excited state electronic properties of halogenated tetraarylporphyrins. Tuning the building blocks for porphyrin-based photonic devices. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 3, 117–147.
Lindsey, J. S., P. A. Brown and D. A. Siesel (1989) Visible light-harvesting in covalently-linked porphyrin-cyanine dyes. Tetrahedron 45, 4845–4866.
Sharghi, H. and A. H. Nejad (2003) Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) mediated synthesis of tetraarylporphyrins. Helv. Chim. Acta 86, 408–414.
Kaizu, Y., H. Maekawa and H. Kobayashi (1986) Upper excited-state emission of a covalently linked porphyrin dimer. J. Phys. Chem. 90, 4234–4238.
Horiuchi, H., T. Tanaka, K. Yoshimura, K. Sato, S. Kyushin, H. Matsumoto and H. Hiratsuka (2006) Enhancement of singlet oxygen sensitization of tetraphenylporphyrin by silylation. Chem. Lett. 35, 662–663.
Wen, L., M. Li and J. B. Schlenoff (1997) Polyporphyrin thin films from the interfacial polymerization of mercaptoporphyrins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 7726–7733.
Collman, J. P., R. R. Gagne, C. A. Reed, T. R. Halbert, G. Lang and W. T. Robinson (1975) "Picket fence porphyrins." Synthetic models for oxygen binding hemoproteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1427–1439.
Grancho, J. C. P., M. M. Pereira, M. d. G. Miguel, A. M. Rocha Gonsalves and H. D. Burrows (2002) Synthesis, spectra and photophysics of some free base tetrafluoroalkyl and tetrafluoroaryl porphyrins with potential applications in imaging. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 249–256.
Sen, A. and V. Krishnan (1997) Spectroscopic, redox and photophysical properties of push–pull fluoroarylporphyrins. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 93, 4281–4288.
Cha, W.-Y., J. M. Lim, M.-C. Yoon, Y. M. Sung, B. S. Lee, S. Katsumata, M. Suzuki, H. Mori, Y. Ikawa, H. Furuta, A. Osuka and D. Kim (2012) Deprotonation-induced aromaticity enhancement and new conjugated networks in meso-hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)[26]hexaphyrin. Chem. Eur. J. 18, 15838–15844.
Belair, J. P., C. J. Ziegler, C. S. Rajesh and D. A. Modarelli (2002) Photophysical characterization of free-base N-confused tetraphenylporphyrins. J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 6445–6451.
Geier, G. R., III and J. S. Lindsey (1999) N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin and tetraphenylsapphyrin formation in one-flask syntheses of tetraphenylporphyrin. J. Org. Chem. 64, 1596–1603.
Stone, A. and E. B. Fleischer (1968) The molecular and crystal structure of porphyrin diacids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 2735–2748.
Fajer, J., D. C. Borg, A. Forman, D. Dolphin and R. H. Felton (1970) p-Cation radicals and dications of metalloporphyrins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 3451–3459.
Clezy, P. S. and C. J. R. Fookes (1980) The chemistry of pyrrolic compounds. XLIII. Synthesis of the fifteen isomers of protoporphyrin. Aust. J. Chem. 33, 557–573.
dos Santos, S. C., L. M. Moreira, D. L. R. Novo, L. R. R. Santin, D. Bianchini, J. A. Bonacin, A. P. Romani, A. U. Fernandes, M. S. Baptista and H. P. M. de Oliveira (2015) Photophysical properties of porphyrin derivatives: Influence of the alkyl chains in homogeneous and micro-heterogeneous systems. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 19, 920–933.
Falk, J. E. (1964) Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins. Their General, Physical and Coordination Chemistry, and Laboratory Methods. p. 232. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Hynninen, P. H. (2014) Protonation-deprotonation equilibria in tetrapyrroles. Part 4. Mono- and diprotonations of deutero-, hemato-, meso-, and protoporphyrin IX dimethyl esters in methanolic hydrochloric acid. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 18, 385–395.
Gouterman, M. and G.-E. Khalil (1974) Porphyrin free base phosphorescence. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 53, 88–100.
Keilin, J. (1955) Reactions of free haematins and haemoproteins with nitric oxide and certain other substances. Biochem. J. 59, 571–579.
Berezin, D. S., O. V. Toldina and E. V. Kudrik (2003) Complex formation and spectral properties of meso-phenyltetrabenzoporphyrins in pyridine and N,N-dimethylformamide. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 73, 1309–1314.
Koehorst, R. B. M., J. F. Kleibeuker, T. J. Schaafsma, D. A. de Bie, B. Geurtsen, R. N. Henrie and H. C. van der Plas (1981) Preparation and spectroscopic properties of pure tetrabenzoporphyrins. J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Trans. 2, 1005–1009.
Ehrenberg, B. and F. M. Johnson (1990) Spectroscopic studies of tetrabenzoporphyrins: MgTBP, ZnTBP and H2TBP. Spectrochim. Acta A 46, 1521–1532.
Finikova, O. S., A. V. Cheprakov and S. A. Vinogradov (2005) Synthesis and luminescence of soluble meso-unsubstituted tetrabenzo- and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins. J. Org. Chem. 70, 9562–9572.
Finikova, O. S., A. V. Cheprakov, I. P. Beletskaya, P. J. Carroll and S. A. Vinogradov (2004) Novel versatile synthesis of substituted tetrabenzoporphyrins. J. Org. Chem. 69, 522–535.
Paolesse, R., S. Nardis, F. Sagone and R. G. Khoury (2001) Synthesis and functionalization of meso-aryl-substituted corroles. J. Org. Chem. 66, 550–556.
Ka, J.-W., W.-S. Cho and C.-H. Lee (2000) Expedient synthesis of corroles by oxidant-mediated, direct α-α' coupling of tetrapyrromethanes. Tetrahedron Lett. 41, 8121–8125.
Gross, Z., N. Galili and I. Saltsman (1999) The first direct synthesis of corroles from pyrrole. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38, 1427–1429.
Chmielewski, P. J., L. Latos-Grażyński and K. Rachlewicz (1995) 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylsapphyrin––identification of a pentapyrrolic expanded porphyrin in the Rothemund synthesis. Chem. Eur. J. 1, 68–73.
Agati, G. and F. Fusi (1990) New trends in photobiology (invited review): Recent advances in bilirubin photophysics. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B.: Biol. 7, 1–14.
Cu, A., G. G. Bellah and D. A. Lightner (1975) On the fluorescence of bilirubin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 2579–2580.
Krois, D. and H. Lehner (1990) Peptide-mediated conformational changes in bilipeptides: Evidence for the occurrence of stretched species. J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Trans. 2, 1745–1755.
Petrier, C., C. Dupuy, P. Jardon and R. Gautron (1979) Studies on tetrapyrrols pigments––I. Absorption and fluorescence of biliverdin dimethyl esters of the IX series. Photochem. Photobiol. 29, 389–392.
Smith, K. M. and R. K. Pandey (1984) Bile pigment studies––VII. New syntheses of biliverdin-IXα dimethyl ester and two related mono-vinyl-mono-ethyl isomers. Tetrahedron 40, 1749–1754.
Margulies, L. and M. Stockburger (1979) Spectroscopic studies on model compounds of the phytochrome chromophore. Protonation and deprotonation of biliverdin dimethyl ester. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 743–744.
Hill, J. A., J. M. Pratt and R. J. P. Williams (1964) The chemistry of vitamin B12. Part I. The valency and spectrum of the coenzyme. J. Chem. Soc., 5149–5153.
Pratt, J. M. and R. G. Thorp (1966) The chemistry of vitamin B12. Part V. The class (b) character of the cobaltic ion. J. Chem. Soc. A, 187–191.
Fugate, R. D., C.-A. Chin and P.-S. Song (1976) A spectroscopic analysis of vitamin B12 derivatives. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 421, 1–11.
Whalley, M. (1961) Conjugated macrocycles. Part XXXII. Absorption spectra of tetrazaporphins and phthalocyanines. Formation of pyridine salts. J. Chem. Soc., 866–869.
Cook, M. J., A. J. Dunn, S. D. Howe, A. J. Thomson and K. J. Harrison (1988) Octa-alkoxy phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine derivatives: Dyes with Q-band absorption in the far red or near infrared. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2453–2458.
Kobayashi, N., H. Ogata, N. Nonaka and E. A. Luk'yanets (2003) Effect of peripheral substitution on the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of metal-free and zinc phthalocyanines. Chem. Eur. J. 9, 5123–5134.
Rihter, B. D., M. E. Kenney, W. E. Ford and M. A. J. Rodgers (1990) Synthesis and photoproperties of diamagnetic octabutoxyphthalocyanines with deep red optical absorbance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 8064–8070.
Lawrence, D. S. and D. G. Whitten (1996) Photochemistry and photophysical properties of novel, unsymmetrically substituted metallophthalocyanines. Photochem. Photobiol. 64, 923–935.
Rodriguez, M. E., V. E. Diz, J. Awruch and L. E. Dicelio (2010) Photophysics of zinc (II) phthalocyanine polymer and gel formulation. Photochem. Photobiol. 86, 513–519.
Calvete, M. J. F., J. P. C. Tomé and J. A. S. Cavaleiro (2014) Synthesis and characterization of new cross-like porphyrin–naphthalocyanine and porphyrin–phthalocyanine pentads. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 51, E202–E208.
Kovshev, E. I. and E. A. Luk'yanets (1972) Phthalocyanines and allied compounds. X. Synthesis and electronic absorption spectra of tetra-6-t-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanines. J. Gen. Chem. USSR 42, 691–693.
Ray, A., H. Pal and S. Bhattacharya (2015) Photophysical insights into fullerene–porphyrazine supramolecular interactions in solution. RSC Adv. 5, 28497–28504.
Drobizhev, M., A. Karotki, M. Kruk, N. Z. Mamardashvili and A. Rebane (2002) Drastic enhancement of two-photon absorption in porphyrins associated with symmetrical electron-accepting substitution. Chem. Phys. Lett. 361, 504–512.
del Rey, B., U. Keller, T. Torres, G. Rojo, F. Agulló-López, S. Nonell, C. Martí, S. Brasselet, I. Ledoux and J. Zyss (1998) Synthesis and nonlinear optical, photophysical, and electrochemical properties of subphthalocyanines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 12808–12817.
Strain, H. H., M. R. Thomas and J. J. Katz (1963) Spectral absorption properties of ordinary and fully deuteriated chlorophylls α and b. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 75, 306–311.
Weber, G. and F. W. J. Teale (1957) Determination of the absolute quantum yield of fluorescent solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc. 53, 646–655.
Seely, G. R. and R. G. Jensen (1965) Effect of solvent on the spectrum of chlorophyll. Spectrochim. Acta 21, 1835–1845.
Seely, G. R. and J. S. Connolly (1986) Fluorescence of photosynthetic pigments in vitro. In Light Emission by Plants and Bacteria. (Edited by Govindjee, J. Amesz and D. C. Fork), pp. 99–133. Academic Press.
Hynninen, P. H. and S. Lötjönen (1983) Large-scale preparation of crystalline (10S)-chlorophylls a and b. Synthesis, 705–708.
Vernon, L. P. and G. R. Seely (1966) The Chlorophylls. Academic Press, New York, USA.
Pandey, R. K., A. B. Sumlin, S. Constantine, M. Aoudia, W. R. Potter, D. A. Bellnier, B. W. Henderson, M. A. Rodgers, K. M. Smith and T. J. Dougherty (1996) Alkyl ether analogs of chlorophyll-a derivatives: Part 1. Synthesis, photophysical properties and photodynamic efficiency. Photochem. Photobiol. 64, 194–204.
Ashby, K. D., J. Wen, P. Chowdhury, T. A. Casey, M. A. Rasmussen and J. W. Petrich (2003) Fluorescence of dietary porphyrins as a basis for real-time detection of fecal contamination on meat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 3502–3507.
Wasielewski, M. R. and W. A. Svec (1980) Synthesis of covalently linked dimeric derivatives of chlorophyll a, pyrochlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and bacteriochlorophyll a. J. Org. Chem. 45, 1969–1974.
Zheng, G., H. Li, M. Zhang, S. Lund-Katz, B. Chance and J. D. Glickson (2002) Low-density lipoprotein reconstituted by pyropheophorbide cholesteryl oleate as target-specific photosensitizer. Bioconjugate Chem. 13, 392–396.
Al-Omari, S. and A. Ali (2009) Photodynamic activity of pyropheophorbide methyl ester and pyropheophorbide a in dimethylformamide solution. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 28, 70–77.
Smith, K. M., D. A. Goff and D. J. Simpson (1985) Meso Substitution of chlorophyll derivatives: Direct route for transformation of bacteriopheophorbides d into bacteriopheophorbides c. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 4946–4954.
Sasaki, S.-i., K. Mizutani, M. Kunieda and H. Tamiaki (2008) Synthesis, modification, and optical properties of C3-ethynylated chlorophyll derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett. 49, 4113–4115.
Corwin, A. H. and P. E. Wei (1962) Stabilities of magnesium chelates of porphyrins and chlorins. J. Org. Chem. 27, 4285–4290.
Pennington, F. C., H. H. Strain, W. A. Svec and J. J. Katz (1964) Preparation and properties of pyrochlorophyll a, methyl pyrochlorophyllide a, pyropheophytin a, and methyl pyropheophorbide a derived from chlorophyll by decarbomethoxylation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 1418–1426.
Pandey, R. K., D. A. Bellnier, K. M. Smith and T. J. Dougherty (1991) Chlorin and porphyrin derivatives as potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 53, 65–72.
Johnson, D. G., M. P. Niemczyk, D. W. Minsek, G. P. Wiederrecht, W. A. Svec, G. L. Gaines, III and M. R. Wasielewski (1993) Photochemical electron transfer in chlorophyll–porphyrin–quinone triads: The role of the porphyrin-bridging molecule. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 5692–5701.
Nyman, E. S. and P. H. Hynninen (2004) Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 73, 1–28.
Kay, A., R. Humphry-Baker and M. Grätzel (1994) Artificial photosynthesis. 2. Investigations on the mechanism of photosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells by chlorophyll derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 952–959.
Zenkevich, E., E. Sagun, V. Knyukshto, A. Shulga, A. Mironov, O. Efremova, R. Bonnett, S. P. Songca and M. Kassem (1996) Photophysical and photochemical properties of potential porphyrin and chlorin photosensitizers for PDT. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 33, 171–180.
Hoober, J. K., T. W. Sery and N. Yamamoto (1988) Photodynamic sensitizers from chlorophyll: Purpurin-18 and chlorin p6. Photochem. Photobiol. 48, 579–582.
Brandis, A. S., A. N. Kozyrev and A. F. Mironov (1992) Synthesis and study of chlorin and porphyrin dimers with ether linkage. Tetrahedron 48, 6485–6494.
Whitlock, H. W., Jr., R. Hanauer, M. Y. Oester and B. K. Bower (1969) Diimide reduction of porphyrins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 7485–7489.
Aravindu, K., H.-J. Kim, M. Taniguchi, P. L. Dilbeck, J. R. Diers, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten and J. S. Lindsey (2013) Synthesis and photophysical properties of chlorins bearing 0–4 distinct meso-substituents. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 12, 2089–2109.
Peychal-Heiling, G. and G. S. Wilson (1971) Electrochemical studies of tetraphenylporphin, tetraphenylchlorin, and tetraphenylbacteriochlorin. Anal. Chem. 43, 550–556.
Dorough, G. D. and F. M. Huennekens (1952) The spectra of α,β,γ,δ-tetraphenylchlorin and its metallo-derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 3974–3976.
Keegan, J. D., A. M. Stolzenberg, Y.-C. Lu, R. E. Linder, G. Barth, A. Moscowitz, E. Bunnenberg and C. Djerassi (1982) Magnetic circular dichroism studies. 60. Substituent-induced sign variation in the magnetic circular dichroism spectra of reduced porphyrins. 1. Spectra and band assignments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 4305–4317.
Crossley, M. J. and L. G. King (1993) A new method for regiospecific deuteriation and reduction of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins: Nucleophilic reaction of borohydride ion with 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins. J. Org. Chem. 58, 4370–4375.
Borisevich, E. A., G. D. Egorova, V. N. Knyukshto and K. N. Solovev (1987) Photophysical processes in para-halogen derivatives of tetraphenylporphin and tetraphenyl chloride. Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 63, 34–37.
Strachan, J.-P., S. Gentemann, J. Seth, W. A. Kalsbeck, J. S. Lindsey, D. Holten and D. F. Bocian (1997) Effects of orbital ordering on electronic communication in multiporphyrin arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 11191–11201.
Taniguchi, M. and J. S. Lindsey (2017) Synthetic chlorins, possible surrogates for chlorophylls, prepared by derivatization of porphyrins. Chem. Rev. 117, 344–535.
Lindsey, J. S. (2015) De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem. Rev. 115, 6534–6620.
Connolly, J. S., E. B. Samuel and A. F. Janzen (1982) Effects of solvent on the fluorescence properties of bacteriochlorophyll α. Photochem. Photobiol. 36, 565–574.

Common Compounds Spectra Database

A. Aromatic Hydrocarbons A22. Styrene

Absorption Spectrum

Fluorescence Spectrum

A. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A22. Styrene